Frankenstein Essay example - 711 Words

Choices When man decides to assume the role of God, consequences are bound to plague such an ambition. In the case of Victor Frankenstein, the protagonist in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the product of such an ambition is a creature born of the dead. Despite the frightening process of his creation, the creature wakes into the world as a benevolent being. He simply longs for acceptance and friendship, but due to his unsightly features, the world is quick to condemn him as the monster he appears to be. With an unbearable sense of rejection in his heart, the monster begins to turn wicked. Soon enough he is responsible for multiple deaths in the name of revenge. Although many treat him unfairly, the monster is fully aware of his actions†¦show more content†¦One day he finds the courage to reveal himself to the blind old man, but in mid-conversation, the son returns home and â€Å"struck him violently with a stick† (115). The monster runs out of the home filled with pain an d anguish. When the monster returns, he learns of the family’s sudden plans to move away. With no other direction, the monster seeks out answers from his creator. He comes across Victor’s papers, which reveal his identity and residence. With his newfound information, the monster decides to find his way to Victor. Throughout his journey his curiosity begins to turn into hatred and rage towards his creator. As he treks across the continent he discloses, â€Å"the spirit of revenge is enkindled in my heart† (119). This shows the monster’s capability of harboring dark emotions; it shows his benevolence quickly slipping away. After his arrival in Geneva, the monster comes across a boy who reveals that he is related to Victor Frankenstein. He tells the boy â€Å"you shall be my first victim† (122), and chokes him till he struggles no longer. As the monster gazes at the lifeless body that lies before him, he claps and shouts in triumph, â€Å"I too can create desolation; my enemy is not invulnerable; this death will carry despair to him, and a thousand other miseries shall torment and destroy him† (122). This statement clearly shows the he is aware of the crime he has committed and expresses no remorse. Unfortunately the boy is not his lastShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Victor Frankenstein988 Words   |  4 PagesLane Johnson Mr. Jones English 12 Honors/4th Period March 15, 2015 Victor Frankenstein and his creation surprisingly share many of the same characteristics. Even though Frankenstein is an ugly, unwanted creature, he and Victor withhold an obvious connection throughout the novel. However, Victor and Frankenstein also share their differences as well. Victor was raised in a very caring and loving home. His parents gave Victor everything he wanted and Victor grew up with great friends. Victor’s parentsRead MoreFrankenstein And Frankenstein Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesfictional characters, most famously in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, in 1667, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, in 1818. The complexity of the characters in these texts creates the theme of nature versus nurture before they diverge and arrive at differing conclusions. Many critics arose over the years to contest the main character of Milton’s epic. Shelley, arguably Milton’s greatest critic, wrote Frankenstein to contrast her views on the conflict between creator and creation. She also uses an unconventionalRead MoreFrankenstein1112 Words   |  5 Pagesas a reflection of context. The capacity of thematic concerns to transcend time are manifested within Mary Shelley s 19th century gothic novel Frankenstein (1818) and Ridley Scott s dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner (1992) as both pose markedly similar existentialist discourses regarding the fate of humanity. Through Frankenstein , Shelley s romantic approach condemns humanity s intrusive assumption as creator during an era where scientific hubris prompted people to abandonRead MoreFrankenstein1009 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelly’s Frankenstein seems to be an exact representation of the ideas of the 17th century philosopher John Locke. In Locke’s  "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,† he talks about the idea that we as humans are all born with a ‘blank slate’ that contains no knowledge whatsoever and that we can only know that things exist if we first experience them through sensation and reflection. In Frankenstein, the monster portrays Locke’s ideas of gaining knowledge perfectly through worldly experienceRead MoreFrankenstein: Technology1728 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein: Technology In Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, written in the late nineteenth century by Mary Shelley, Shelley proposes that knowledge and its effects can be dangerous to individuals and all of humanity. 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She developsRead MoreCharacters in Frankenstein1261 Words   |  6 PagescenterbExamine the way in which characters are portrayed in the novel./b/center br brIn the novel Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, the characters have been portrayed effectively. Much of the interactions between characters, and characteristics of the characters have been based on events which have occurred in Shelley s own life, or th ey represent what she believes is important. For example, Victor is portrayed as having a strong passion for science, and a poor understanding ofRead MoreFrankenstein : The Way Frankenstein, And His Creation1275 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalent in Shelly’s novel is the way Frankenstein, and his creation, are controlled by their emotions. Frankenstein is continually ruled by his feelings of fear, guilt, and love throughout the novel. For instance, he works for nearly two years to accomplish his goal of creating life, only to immediately flee because of fear when his work comes to life. This was a major illustration for the reader that despite being an experienced scientist Frankenstein was still ruled by emotions. In a largeRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - Victor Frankenstein is to Blame1046 Words   |  5 PagesVictor Frankenstein is to Blame Can an intense appetency for the pursuit of knowledge result in fatal consequences? In most situations when a strong desire is present consequences are seldom taken into consideration. In the novel, Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein pursues knowledge in an obsessive manner that blinds him to the possible effects. Victor Frankenstein is the primary cause of his creatures desolation. Indeed, Victor Frankenstein is at fault for the creatures isolation andRead More Victor Frankenstein is the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein566 Words   |  3 PagesVictor Frankenstein is the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the novel we are under the assumption that the demon in the novel is the man who is disfigured and hideous on the outside. While we view Victor Frankenstein as the handsome and caring victim, even though sometimes a monster cannot be seen but heard. Looks can be deceiving but actions are always true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We first view Frankenstein’s ignorance while he is busy in his work. He had not visited his family for

Hiv And Aids A World Of Biological Beauty And...

The year of 1959 saw the first case of the sexually transmitted immune eating disease HIV .Human Immunodeficncy Virus or HIV was tested positive in a man from Congo. HIV is the attack by a disease of the body’s immune system essentially decaying it over time. With the simple symptoms of the common influenza HIV is a silent killer with more than 70 million infections globally and more than 35 million deaths (World Health Organisation, 2015). HIV can be transmitted in many different ways, as well as having multiple symptoms and signs. There is no current cure for HIV or AIDS but there are multiple biological options being made available. HIV destroys the immune system atrociously, allowing for the body to become weak and contract other diseases, most commonly AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) HIV and AIDS is one of the world’s mortiferous disease and has a world of biological beauty and intelligence behind it. TRANSMISSION HIV infects approximately 39 million people, majority of which life in low socioeconomic countries or third world countries such as Africa and India. HIV is transmitted 3 main ways: Sexually, through blood and rarely through pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding. When engaging in sexual activity, semen and vaginal fluids can spread the infection if unprotected intercourse is performed. Sharing of needles, blood transfusion and work place accidents can also spread the HIV and infiltrate the blood system. Less commonly the mother of a child will infectShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering Is The Deliberate Modification Of A Child s Terrible Behavior1384 Words   |  6 Pageschild. Yeah, designer babies is sounds very appalling, but the purpose of it isn’t only for those honor roll stickers you’ve been wanting since your child has the IQ of Einstein. Designing your baby helps reduce the chance of your child getting AIDS, HIV, and etc. â€Å"One of the strongest arguments for the use of designer babies is that it prevents certain genetic diseases. PGD can screen for about a dozen of the most serious genetic diseases including: cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs, various familial cancersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 46 Self-Awareness Assessment 46 Emotional Intelligence Assessment 47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and ValuesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDo you know the time? it is illogical to answer only Yes and walk away─ unless you are trying to irritate the person who asked the question. Real life decision-making often must work in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. In the business world, new competitors appear, prices rise or fall, opportunities that were available at one time are not available at another. The uncritical decision maker is unaware of these changes and continues to make decisions as if in the old environment. AlertRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagescan small players survive changing markets? Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Formula One – developing the capabilities for competitive success in a hi-tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not-for-profit organisation with a mission. Bayer MS – corporate social responsibility in the international development of a German company. Eurotunnel – clash of cultures threatens to derail Anglo–French

Black Elk Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Black Elk Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; For the power is non in us anymore. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; After the Heyoka ceremonial, I came to populate here where I am now between Wounded Knee Creek and Grass Creek. Others came excessively, and we made these small grey houses of logs that you see, and they are square. It is a bad manner to populate, for there can be no power in a square. You have noticed that everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the Power of the World ever works in circles, and everything attempts to be round. In the old yearss when we were a strong and happy people, all our power came to us from the sacred hoop of the state, and so long as the hoop was unbroken, the people flourished. The blossoming tree was the life centre of the hoop, and the circle of the four quarters nourished it. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Elk Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The east gave peace and visible radiation, the south gave heat, the West gave rain, and the north with its cold and mighty air current gave strength and endurance. This cognition came to us from the outer universe with our faith. Everything the Power of the World does is done in a circle. The sky is round, and I have heard that the Earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The air current, in its greatest power, commotion. Birds make their nests in circles, for theirs is the same faith as ours. The Sun comes away and goes down once more in a circle. The Moon does the same, and both are unit of ammunition. Even the season signifier a great circle in their changing, and ever come back once more to where they were. The life of a adult male is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves. Our tipis were round like the nests of birds, and these were ever set in a circle, the state # 8217 ; s hoop, a nest of many nests, where the Great Sp irit meant for us to hatch our kids. But the Wasichus have put us in these square boxes. Our power is gone and we are deceasing, for the power is non in us any longer. You can look at our male childs and see how it is with us. When we were populating by the power of the circle in they manner we should, male childs were work forces at 12 or 13 old ages of ago. But now it takes them really much longer to maturate. Well, it is as it is. We are captives of war while we are waiting here. But there is another universe # 8221 ; ( 150-151 ) . These lines from Black Elk Speaks are found near to the center of the narrative, merely after the Heyoka ceremonial. Black Elk is showing his concern for the loss of the power that can merely be found in circles. He recalls the many ways in which circles influence the Power of the World, and now the Wasichus have put them in the square houses therefore taking their power off. As is expressed in much of this novel, Black Elk describes the loss that his people are being forced to accept. He says, # 8220 ; In the old yearss when we [ they ] were a strong and happy people, all our [ their ] power came to us [ them ] from the sacred hoop of the state, and so long as the hoop was unbroken, the people flourished # 8221 ; ( 150 ) . In this Black Elk studies that in the old yearss his people were strong and happy due to the power from the sacred circle. However, now the hoop has been ruptured therefore doing unhappiness and infirmity. His people are no longer booming in the ways that used to convey strength to the circle ; in fact, it appears as though the young person of his people are naif to the significance of many of import ceremonials and imposts. Black Elk speaks of assorted # 8220 ; circles # 8221 ; that embody the Power of the World. He discusses the sky, the Earth, the stars, the Sun and Moon, seasons, and life itself. Possibly the most affecting description is that of the tipis, # 8220 ; Our [ their ] tipis were round like the nests of birds, and these were ever set in a circle, the state # 8217 ; s hoop, a nest of many nests, where the Great Spirit meant for us [ them ] to hatch our [ their ] kids # 8221 ; ( 150-151 ) . Black Elk is comparing their tipis to the nest of a bird, they are both round and each Fosters their ain young person. This account is all embracing, as it describes the # 8220 ; state # 8217 ; s hoop # 8221 ; , the universe, as a # 8220 ; nest of many nests # 8221 ; . The universe is the place of many places, and this is where the # 8220 ; Great Spirit # 8221 ; intended us to hatch our descendants. Now that the Wasichus have broken the indispensable cringle, the kids have lost a important cas e in point. The male childs of Black Elk # 8217 ; s people are instance and point to this attempted supplication. These male childs are taking much longer to maturate, as opposed to when they were populating by the power of the circle ; they became work forces at age 12 or 13. The Wasichus have put the people in square houses, and harmonizing to Black Elk, # 8220 ; Our [ their ] power is gone and we [ they ] are deceasing, for the power is non in us [ them ] any more # 8221 ; ( 151 ) . Lack of the powerful circle has caused Black Elk # 8217 ; s people to lose focal point and this is ensuing in the slowdown in adulthood degree of the male childs. Therefore, we come upon a new cringle, one that consists of square houses and immature male childs. The power of the circle is decreasing, and this causes Black Elk # 8217 ; s people to experience as though they are deceasing as a whole. Thingss are altering far excessively quickly for them to maintain up with, and finally this will ensue in their d eath. These lines represent one of the most of import subjects in Black Elk Speaks, the limitation of a civilization and a loss of hope for the hereafter. Black Elk describes the significance of the circle to his people. The blossoming tree was the life centre of this circle, and without it, his people are losing their sense of optimism. It appears to Blacken Elk that there is nil more he can make, # 8220 ; Well, it is as it is. We are captives of war while we are waiting here. But there is another universe # 8221 ; ( 151 ) . In the concluding words of this transition, Black Elk refers to the incumbent cringle that is life. He is stating that finally, his people will all be back, and possibly so things can travel back to how they used to be. All there is to make in this life is wait ; nil else can be done to convey back the regulating circle that one time was the Power of the World.

The Bagavad Gita Q A Essay Example

The Bagavad Gita: Q A Essay In refusing to fight, what is Arjuna calling into question? Arjuna is troubled by various facets of his war mission. The first and foremost is the killing of his kin and kith. Across the battle line in Kurukshetra stand his cousins, uncles and former gurus. How heartless one needs to be to be able to desimmate one’s own flesh and blood, he asks Krishna. Arjuna is also uncertain of the legitimacy of war itself. How can so much bloodshed be toward a noble cause, he queries Krishna. Moreover, Arjuna fails to see how the enterprise of war could lead to liberation from worldly existence. To his intuition it appeared as if war stood for all that was denounced in the Vedas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bagavad Gita: Q A specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Bagavad Gita: Q A specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Bagavad Gita: Q A specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What is Arjuna’s duty according to the Vedic ideal? According to the Vedic scriptures, Arjuna should act according to his Svabava and the resulting Swadharma. Svabava can be loosely translated as an individual’s natural gifts and personality traits. Swadharma is those set of codes of behavior that arise from one’s Svabava. Arjuna, by virtue of being born into the warrior caste – Kshatriya – needs to fulfill his duties in the battleground. It is implicitly required of him to succeed in battle to achieve the ultimate goal of moksha or worldly liberation. What does Arjuna see as the only alternative to fighting? As he finds the prospect of engaging in a fatalistic battle with his brethren heart-wrenching, Arjuna asks Krishna if he can renounce his arms and make peace with the Kauravas. Arjuna even contemplates the ascetic way of life toward reaching God. But as Krishna points out these alternatives are weak and cowardly. They do not resolve the calls of dharma. What path does Krishna show him? Lord Krishna’s main line of encouragement to Arjuna comes from the principles of Dharma, which can be interpreted as natural justice. Arjuna’s birth into the warrior caste is the foremost compulsion for his destiny with the battle field. But beyond the dictates of the varna (or caste), there is also the consideration of Sanatana Dharma, which stands for universal order. Krishna expounds that there is a universal law of nature at play and it is impending on individuals to play their part in fulfilling these laws. The obliteration of evil is an important facet to Sanatana Dharma. Irrespective of what form this evil manifests itself in, the dutiful human being should participate in quelling it. What does Krishna put forth as the key to liberation from rebirth? The key to achieving moksha, or liberation from rebirth, is the merging of jeevatma (the substance of the individual soul) with paramatma (the spirit of the cosmos). But this mission cannot be accomplished through esoteric practices of asceticism alone. Equally important for attaining moksha, is the completion of one’s duties toward self and community. These rules are laid out in Yogic texts under Karma Yoga, which is the aspiration toward moksha by participating in worldly deeds. Krishna thus elucidates to Arjuna how the battle ground of the Kurushetra can be an arena for self-emancipation. How does Krishna upholds the Vedic view of supporting the world while also accommodating the world-denying view? Krishna attempts to show Arjuna that the monistic and dualistic views of the world are not incompatible. He explains to Arjuna how noble worldly deeds could propel an individual toward cosmic assimilation. Krishna invokes the notion of Saguna Brahman or Personal God in urging Arjuna to unify his wisdom, devotion and the desire for liberation from earthly existence. Under this view, even the most mundane of daily activities could help in liberation if it was done in proper spirit. Hence, there is no necessity for Arjuna to shun all things attached to the world. Such an attitude would hinder his fulfilment of dharma. Krishna further entreats Arjuna to think of Kurushetra as a metaphor or allegory for the moral struggle that is the basis of spiritual progress. Thus, even the carnal and barbaric tendency witnessed in the battle ground could be tapped into and channelled into spiritual awareness. Work Cited: The Bagavad Gita, translated by Shri Purohit Swami, retrieved from http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Bhagavad-Gita-Translation-by-Shri-Purohit-Swami.pdf on 16th May, 2013

IRAC Method of Legal Writing Definition and Examples

IRAC Method of Legal Writing Definition and Examples IRAC is an  acronym for issue, rule (or relevant law), application (or analysis), and conclusion: a method used in composing certain legal documents and reports. William H. Putman describes IRAC as a structured approach to problem-solving. The IRAC format, when followed in the preparation of a legal memorandum, helps ensure the clear communication of the complex subject matter of legal issue analysis. (Legal Research and Analysis Writing. 2010) Pronunciation I-rak Examples and Observations of the IRAC Method IRAC is not a mechanical formula, but simply a common sense approach to analyzing a legal issue. Before a student can analyze a legal issue, of course, they have to know what the issue is. Thus, logically, step one in the IRAC methodology is to identify the issue (I). Step two is to state the relevant rule(s) of law that will apply in resolving the issue (R). Step three is to apply those rules to the facts of the question- that is, to analyze the issue (A). Step four is to offer a conclusion as to the most likely result (C). (Andrew McClurg,  1L of a Ride: A Well-Traveled Professors Roadmap to Success in the First Year of Law School, 2nd ed. West Academic Publishing, 2013) Sample IRAC Paragraph (I) Whether a bailment for the mutual benefit of Rough Touch and Howard existed. (R) A pawn is a form of bailment, made for the mutual benefit of bailee and bailor, arising when goods are delivered to another as a pawn for security to him on money borrowed by the bailor. Jacobs v. Grossman, 141 N.E. 714, 715 (III. App.Ct. 1923). In Jacobs, the court found that a bailment for mutual benefit did arise because the plaintiff pawned a ring as collateral for a $70 loan given to him by the defendant. Id. (A) In our problem, Howard pawned her ring as collateral to secure an $800 loan given to her by Rough Tough. (C) Therefore, Howard and Rough Tough probably created a bailment for mutual benefit. (Hope Viner Samborn and Andrea B. Yelin, Basic Legal Writing for Paralegals, 3rd ed. Aspen, 2010)When faced with a fairly simple legal problem, all the IRAC elements may fit into a single paragraph. At other times you may want to divide the IRAC elements. For example, you might wish to set out th e issue and the rule of law in one paragraph, the analysis for the plaintiff in a second paragraph, and the analysis for the defendant and your conclusion in a third paragraph, and the transitional phrase or sentence in the first sentence of yet a fourth paragraph. (Katherine A. Currier and Thomas E. Eimermann, Introduction to Paralegal Studies: A Critical Thinking Approach, 4th ed. Asen, 2010) The Relationship Between IRAC and Court Opinions IRAC stands for the components of legal analysis: issue, rule, application, and conclusion. What is the relationship between IRAC (or its variations...) and a court opinion? Judges certainly provide legal analysis in their opinions. Do the judges follow IRAC? Yes, they do, although often in highly stylized formats. In almost every court opinion, judges: - identify the legal issues to be resolved (the I of IRAC); - interpret statutes and other rules (the R of IRAC); - provide reasons why the rules do or do not apply to the facts (the A of IRAC); and - conclude by answering the legal issues through holdings and a disposition (the C of IRAC). Each issue in the opinion goes through this process. A judge may not use all of the language of IRAC, may use different versions of IRAC, and may discuss the components of IRAC in a different order. Yet IRAC is the heart of the opinion. It is what opinions do: they apply rules to facts to resolve legal issues.(William P. Statsky, Essentials of Paralegalism, 5th ed. Delmar, 2010) Alternative Format: CREAC The IRAC formula... envisions a time-pressured exam answer... But whats rewarded in law-school exams tends not to be rewarded in real-life writing. So the coveted IRAC mantra ... will produce mediocre to worse results in memo-writing and brief-writing. Why? Because if you were to write a one-issue memo using the IRAC organization, you wouldnt reach the conclusion- the answer to the issue- until the end... Knowing this, some legal-writing professors recommend another strategy for writing you do after law school. They call it CREAC, which stands for conclusion-rule-elaboration-application (of the rule to the facts)-conclusion (restated). Although youd probably be penalized for that organizational strategy on most law exams, its actually superior to IRAC for other types of writing. But it, too, has a serious shortcoming: Because it doesnt really pose an issue, it presents a conclusion to an unknown problem. ï » ¿(Bryan A. Garner, Garner on Language and Writing. American Bar Association, 2009)

Make Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream - Molecular Gastronomy

Make Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream - Molecular Gastronomy Who says ice cream is a dish best served cold? Maybe you should try it hot. Heres a molecular gastronomy project that applies science to make hot ice cream. The key ingredient is methylcellulose, a polymer  that gels when its heated rather than chilled. Try hot maple ice cream on in an ice cream cone or perhaps top your waffles with it. Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream Ingredients 150 grams (1-1/4 cup)  plain yogurt115 grams (1/2 cup) cream cheese50 milliliters (3-1/2 tablespoons)  maple syrup75 milliliters (5 tablespoons)  water20 grams (5 teaspoons)  sugar6 grams (2-1/4 teaspoons)  methylcellulose powder (Methocel food gum, SGA 150) If youre not a fan of maple syrup, make chocolate ice cream by using chocolate syrup instead of maple syrup. You could use other syrup flavors if you prefer. Lets Make Hot Ice Cream! In a bowl, whisk together the yogurt, cream cheese, and maple syrup. The mixture should be smooth and creamy.In a saucepan, bring the sugar and water to a boil.Remove the saucepan from heat and whisk in the methylcellulose powder. Mix in the powder until the mixture is smooth.Whisk the two mixtures together until they are fully blended. This is your ice cream mixture.Refrigerate the ice cream at least 2-3 hours.When you are ready to serve the ice cream bring a pot of water to a simmer.Use an ice cream scoop to drop spoonfuls of the ice cream mixture into the hot water. You can drop multiple scoops into the pot, as long as there is room for them to remain separate.Let each scoop of ice cream simmer for 1-2 minutes.Use a slotted spoon or ladle to remove each maple syrup ice cream scoop. Drizzle on maple syrup, if you like. Enjoy it while its hot since this ice cream melts as it cools, rather than as it heats up. Do you want to try another molecular gastronomy project? How about making powdered olive oil.

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung Dissertation

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis - Dissertation Example The researcher states that a practice of burning a substance like tobacco or cannabis and inhaling or tasting it is called Smoking. Cigarettes are the most common method of smoking. Pipes, Bidis, Cigars, Hookahs etc are other methods. A research shows that â€Å"half of all long term smokers will die† (It’s Never Too Late to Quit Smoking, Says Study 2012) due to disease related to smoking it suggests that â€Å"even non smokers† are prone to these diseases. Worldwide a â€Å"large number of people† are killed because of these diseases. Study shows that â€Å"one out of two people† die due to their habit of smoking and that too many at their mid age. There is lot of harmful effects on the body like – †¢ Temporary increase of â€Å"blood pressure† and heart beat further straining the heart and blood vessels. †¢ The chances of â€Å"heart attacks, strokes, paralysis and weakness† (Pai 2011). There are â€Å"numerous cancers† associated with smoking. †¢ Smoking at young age â€Å"reduces IQ† of a person. The â€Å"blood circulation† is not proper which affects the body and skin. This also leads to weakness. †¢ It â€Å"damages the retina† thereby affecting the eyesight. †¢ Smoking â€Å"causes the bones to become weak† (Nutrition and Weak Bones 2010) leading to fractures. †¢ â€Å"Fertility† related problems are seen in both men and women. †¢ Smokers are prone to â€Å"kidney, stomach† related diseases. †¢ It also leads to â€Å"lung cancer† â€Å"Pregnancy† related issues are found in women who smoke. The new born child is also adversely affected. People who smoke have a â€Å"shorter life span.† Smoking can cause different types of cancer. These include Lung cancer, Mouth cancer, Throat, â€Å"Stomach† Esophagus, cancer of Kidney, cancer of Bladder, cancer in Pancreas etc. Lung cancer is one amongst the most â€Å"deadliest form of cancer.† (Epidemiology of Lung Cancer n.d.). Every year aboutâ€Å"7.5 million people die† (U.N. Summit as World Cancer Toll Increases 2012) of lung cancer. The â€Å"survival† (Lung Cancer Survival Rate 2011) of the lung cancer patients depends on it’s diagnose stage and type. Now the question arises what exactly is Lung cancer. Due to series of changes in the cells in the lungs they tend to grow abnormally and â€Å"out of control† (Eldridge 2012). This type of behavior in the lungs is known as Lung cancer. This can occur any were throughout the lungs. Lung cancer is mainly classified in to two types, 1. â€Å"Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung C ancer n.d.). 2. â€Å"Non Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung Cancer n.d.). Small Cell Lung Cancer: Study reveals that around â€Å"10% to 15 %† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012) of Lung cancer patients suffer from Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). It â€Å"spread quickly† (Patient Information: Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (Beyond the Basics) 2012). It is more found in people who smoke than those who do not smoke. SCLC is considered as the â€Å"most aggressive form of Lung cancer† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). It tends to develop in the â€Å"bronchi† (Lung Cancer 2012) which is present in the centre part of the chest and later spreads to the other parts of the body. Small Cell Lung Cancer is also known as â€Å"oat cell cancer, oat cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). SCLC has further two other forms namely- â€Å"Small cell car cinoma (oat cell cancer)† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatmen t (PDQ ®) 2012): This is one of the most malignant kinds of cancer. It grows within the lungs. â€Å"Combined small cell carcinoma† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ ®) 2012). – It is a lung cancer which has different stages. It emerges in the form of a tumor in the lung tissue. Non Small Cell Lung

American improvement in the conduct of military operations in Europe Essay

American improvement in the conduct of military operations in Europe - Essay Example After the Second World War, the United States emerged as a global superpower in terms of its military power and the Cold War era saw the development of the nation as a super power. Towards the end of the twentieth century, it is because of these improvements in the conduct of military operations in Europe that helped the nation to dictate terms over international relations and global terrorist upheavals. Murray & Millett (2001), in this respect, observe that the â€Å"American commanders had shown considerable improvement in the conduct of military operations in 1945† (Murray & Millett 483). The authors observe that the American drive to the Rhine and the encirclement of the Ruhr by First and Ninth U.S. Armies were the greatest American victory in the war. For them, the U.S. commanders in the campaign were successful as they had ‘a superior understanding of exploitation and maneuver warfare’. The U.S military also realized the significance of more robust radio communications that would assist infantry platoon. Similarly, the U.S military developed an innovative â€Å"ability of the artillery to adjust and mass fires on unseen targets, either by map analysis or, more importantly, by the use of ground or airborne observers† (Murray & Millett 30)

Crescent Case Essay Example for Free

Crescent Case Essay A. Segmentation and Targeting When Looking at what market should be targeted the thing that stuck out most was there is not a healthy alternative for energy drinks. Most of these drinks are full of high fructose corn syrup and loaded with extreme amounts of caffeine. Crescent give the consumers a healthy alternative to this option. The trend these days is towards more organic and healthier choices. Crescent is just that. It gives the option for a healthy version of an energy drink which is much needed. The Energy Drink market is growing at a much faster rate than the sport drink market as well as the fitting into a much better price point for marketing. With the market for these energy drink being on average $2.99 the price of $2.75 for crescent is below the market average as well as being a slight bit different by marketing a healthy alternative option to most other sport drinks on the market now. B. Positioning When Looking over the two perceptual Maps the thing noticed is that most of these products hit extremes of each category. For example a sport drink is high on the hydration level but low on the energy. As for the energy drink the case is the exact opposite. When looking at nutrition and taste the nutrition and taste are higher on sports drinks and energy drinks are low on nutrition but the 50/50 on the taste. When looking at crescents studies it would seem that they would be the best case for the average consumer as they would be better than average in all of these categories. The nutrition would be higher than the sports drinks and close to what swish and drip are pertaining to nutritional value and the taste would also fall higher similar to Drip or Razor. When looking at the Hydration and Energy Crescent would also be above average for both. With the equivalent of a cup of coffee’s worth of caffeine Crescent would fall similar to where torque and Drip are for energy levels. As for looking at hydration; Crescent would be up closer to the sports drinks with is electrolytes and natural ingredients closer to where Glean and Watr+ are. Each marketing promotion has positive’s and negative’s. When marketed as an energy drink there is the Pros of being a drastically growing market which has grown by 40% already and is projected to hit 13.5 billion by 2018 as well as no single product being marketed as a healthy alternative energy drink. Another pro is that the cost of the  product is less than the market average. The con of an energy drink market would be that current news stories are highlighting the health risks of Energy drinks and the diminishing number of consumers who are now drinking them. The sports drink market have a much larger population of consumers ranging from younger ages of 12-24. Also with the average sports drink being much cheaper people may not be willing to pay the $2.75 for a sports drink. With Crescent being an all organic product being an alternative to high fructose corn drinks would increase their market audience. The threats would be the increase in childhood obesity who make up a large portion of the sport drink market the option of just proving water to children is easier and more economically sound for parents rather than continually paying for sports drinks. Lastly as an Organic Drink they are able to market it as a healthy sports/energy drink for the body continuous adult who wants to stay away from non-organic products. This also works as a con where if they market solely to this small group of people they may be losing a lot of consumers who may be avoiding the new fad of vegan, healthy organic products. C. Contribution Margin The contribution margin per case of Crescent would be $5.28 or 18%. This is figured by taking the selling price per can and minusing the cost per can. Which would bring the profit of 22 cents per can and a case of 24 would bring the profit to $5.28 per case. You would then take that number and divide it by the Price per case of $29.76 which would give you 18% profit. D. Breakeven To match the national level of marketing it would require putting in 6.66 times the budget that it took to market 15% which would be a total marketing budget of 5 million dollars. With a Total budget of 5 Million dollars it would take selling 946970 Cases of Crescent to break even on the National Level. To address the break-even market share for energy would be .07% of the Market Share. This is figured by taking the Market of 9.58 Billion dollars and dividing that by the Marketing budget of 5 Million Dollars. E. Recommendation The factors that should be used to determine positioning are, Similarities in  competitors, Forecast of market increase, pricing of products and marketability of product. I would Recommend Marketing Crescent as an organic energy drink. This would apply to a large number of people and would give a different option to the Energy Drinks that are currently on the market. This product could increase the consumers ideas of what energy drinks are; especially focusing on bringing up the areas of healthiness, hydration and natural. With these area’s only having the highest percentage at 11% Crescent would be a great product to diversify the market. Having a below average market price for product pricing makes Crescent an even better market to explore. Crescent provides a great break from the normal high fructose high caffeine energy drinks while still hydrating and tasting great.

Persuasive Essay: Football :: Persuasive Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once again, after a successful season, Shadle Park was defeated by a Big 9 school in the first game of the regional tournament. This reoccurring event has led many to believe that the four year football program puts GSL students at a disadvantage compared to other districts. A junior high school football program would not only increase the competitiveness of the students but also have more important consequences. As far as football goes, the GSL has become the laughing stock of the state. No team in the entire GSL has entered into the state tournament more than ten times. Shadle Park has only gone to the state tournament a few times in the school’s history. So why is the GSL performing so poorly in relation to the other school districts? The GSL students lack experience. The GSL has no football program for junior high students, while its competition, the Big 9, does. The majority of the GSL cannot play football until their first year of high school. The Big 9 districts fund and support junior high football programs in their schools. This gives the players of the Big 9 a two year advantage over the GSL schools. Players need more time to attain the knowledge and skills needed to play the complicated game of football. Learning the plays alone can take most of a player’s first season. Beginning this challenge in high school when competition is at an extreme can be very discouraging to new players. The GSL must start up a publicly ran junior high school football team so that it can regain its honor and enter its position as a strong competitor. Improving competitiveness is not the only advantage to beginning a football program two years earlier. Junior high is a time when many young people reach a crossroads between the innocence of elementary school and the complicated choices that come with the independence of high school. These are the years that young people begin making life changing choices in their search to identify who they are in this new world of leaving childhood behind. Many middle schoolers choose paths that do not lead to positive results. Some students during this time begin the illegal use of drugs and alcohol as well as other delinquent behaviors. Sports are a proven deterrent to these types of decisions. Studies reveal the number of athletes that become involved with drugs and alcohol is a significantly lower percentage than that of non-athletes.

Different children Essay

For my work experience I worked in St. Joseph’s Nursery with a lot of different children with different abilities. I thoroughly enjoyed my experience both with my colleagues and the children; I will never forget the experience I had. I organized the work experience placement myself; I always knew I was going to work with children or in a school because it is one of the careers I am looking into. Before I started my work experience I was extremely nervous because I never knew what it was going to be like. I know I would have to be patient with the children, be polite, respectful and use general manners. I hoped I would have enjoyed the experience and I was hoping to get a lot of experience from my work placement for the future. The actual job which I was doing was helping out around the nursery and playing with the children. I also helped make cookies and icing because I was the only person which could make icing correctly. I also helped prepare for an inspection which was taken place one day, I created a PowerPoint and run it during the inspection. On my first day I was extremely nervous but also very excited. I meet my boss or the person which would look after for the time I was there which was the nursery school teacher. From the first time I met the Fran (the nursery teacher) I immediately knew we would get on and I really enjoyed the friendship we made during the time I spent with her. Another person who looked after me was Kim, the nursery helper and special needs teacher. Kim was lovely and fortunately I knew her before because she is my mum’s friend so I felt calmer when I knew something there already. The special event that was happening in nursery was a teddy’s bear picnic, which to you and me doesn’t seem like a big deal but the 3 and 4year olds it is like winning the lottery. The day before I left was the teddy’s bear picnic and it was amazing to see all these adorable children carrying huge teddy’s into nursery and the smile on their faces, you could tell straight away how excited they were and how much their were looking forward to it. As I said, my fellow workers were amazing there were so amazing on my last day they gave me a present and card thanking for helping out. I was so shocked that these people would buy a complete stranger they have only knew for a couple of weeks and present with there own money. I was completely shocked when they gave it to me. Both of my fellow workers were amazing and I enjoyed spending my time with them. Personally, the time I spent during work experience both with the children and staff was amazing and unforgettable. I won’t change the experience I had for the world, I had so many great memories and for definite I will be going back to visit when I finish my exams. The pictures I took will always be there to see but the memories will always be inside me. Work experience I think is a essential part of education because it gives you and insist to a job and not only and job it could be the job you are thinking of doing when your older and the work experiences can decide whether you do it or not. It also shows how other people work and how hard they work. I do think it is at the right time in the year for you because it is at a time where you start thinking what am I going to do or what do I want to do? It will at least give you an idea of where you want to go in you life. In the future I definitely want to have children and spending time with children has just made me clearer but it also has made my decision harder because I would like to study law and become a lawyer or solicitor but now I am thinking of becoming a teacher.

The New Testament Times

The Jewish religious world is considered to be one of the major themes during the New Testament times. In order to fully understand the New Testament, one must have a clearer understanding of what are the possible similarities or possible differences between the Jewish religious world and non-Jewish religious world during the time of Christ. The core focus during the instant of the Old Testament was the law and the covenant, but during the time of the New Testament, it was Jesus Christ. Let us first consider the non-Jewish religious world as the Christian world. The main similarity between the Jews and the non-Jew, particularly the Christians, is that they believed in the same God and both groups have acknowledged the authority of the Old Testament. However, one of the main differences between the Jews and the Christians lies in each cluster’s perception of the â€Å"messiah†. It has been said that long before the time of Jesus Christ, most Jews have already hoped for the coming of the â€Å"messiah†, a powerful, successful conquering king from the blood lineage of King David. This king is said to be the one who would lead Israel to the peak of glory, with peace and victory all over the state. However, during Christ’s time, his disciples had already acclaimed Him as the â€Å"Messiah†. Consequently, Christians regarded the â€Å"messiah† as their means of spiritual salvation because of Christ’s nature as Son of God. Contrasting to what the Jews have believed, Christ had not lived to be a great political figure but a sacrificing, crucified individual who made radical statements, some of which is contradictory with the Jewish religious world. These radical statements lead to the acceptance of Gentiles or non-Jews into the community. Jesus taught that the basis for God’s acceptance is faith. The church embraces Jews and non-Jews alike. Conflicting with the idea, the Pharisees believed that God is particular with obedience of the law from the Old Testament. They supposed that the practice of high moral ideas will make them rightfully religious. Thus, they considered themselves as holier than non-Pharisees. During the New Testament times, Christianity spread to Asia Minor and Greece. The Jews also spread and had large populations in cities around the world. With the Christians and the Jews compared and contrasted, let us now consider the non-Jewish religious world as the Greco-Roman religious world, also during the same period. One great difference between the Jewish religious world and the Greco-Roman religious world is the number of gods in which each religious world recognizes. The Jews believed in only one God, the same God of the Christians. However, the Greek and the Romans have venerated a number of deities. The Greek and Roman religion is said to have merged during the time of the New Testament. This resulted to different cults with one god or goddess being patronized. Contradictory with the high moral standards of the Jewish religious world, these cults are said to conduct festivals in honor of their god or goddess in which they engage in â€Å"immoral† activities. The Cult of Attis, as an example, involves many orgies. Another example is the Cult of Bacchus in which its followers, during the festive days, engage in drunken frenzies to commemorate the gift of life. Reference: Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge. Vol. 3. USA: Grolier Incorporated. 2002. pp.102-106 Key Elements of the Background to the New Testament.   Available: May 6, 2006   

Ace the Interview Avoid These Questions!

Ace the Interview Avoid These Questions! The most stressful part of an interview for many people is when you’ve recapped the job responsibilities and your experience and the hiring manager leans back and says, â€Å"So, do you have any questions for me?† The recruiting whiz kids over at Careerealism have compiled a list of red flag questions that would make any employer think twice about your application- all you have to do is remember to ask  anything else.â€Å"Are you going to check my Facebook?†Recent court cases have actually begun to tilt in favor of applicant privacy, but it’s always better not to ask something that makes you look guilty. Before you go in for an interview, double-check your privacy settings and make sure you’ve vetted your friends list. Consider locking your Twitter and Instagram if you tend to be very free with your words there too!â€Å"What are the company perks?†If the company that’s interviewing wants to hire you, odds are they will tell you wha t perks to expect! Hold off until you’re filling out hiring paperwork with HR to ask about things like tech discounts or mileage reimbursements. A roundabout way to uncover the same information is â€Å"What do you love about working here?† or â€Å"How do you find the workplace culture?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will I have to work evenings or weekends?†Again, wait until you have a job offer and see what your contract says. Nobody who â€Å"really wants a job† would ask this question- at least that’s how your prospective employer is likely to see it. Even if you know you’ll have childcare or transportation concerns, until the ink is dry, at least create the illusion that the company’s productivity comes before your own!â€Å"What exactly does your company do?†You would be better off kicking your shoes off and taking a nap mid-interview than asking this one. Who applies for a job- or worse, schedules an interview!- without learning at least a little about the company they’re visiting!? Believe me, I’ve been in that frenzied state of applying to e.v.e.r.y.t.h.i.n.g, and when I got the exciting interview call or email, I had to quickly Google and find out who on earth I’d just agreed to meet with.Do your research! Have a recent recent article that mentions the company or one of its clients ready to refer to, and have specific questions about this job  in this department. They don’t have to be particularly soul-searching, but they should be focused and reflect actual curiosity on your part.Now make sure your buttons are buttoned and your shoes are shined, and go ace that interview!

Disappearing Colorsâ€Easy Bleach Project for Kids

Disappearing Colors- Easy Bleach Project for Kids Let kids see for themselves how bleach works with this easy disappearing colors experiment. Disappearing Colors Project Materials food coloringwaterhousehold bleachdropperglass or jar Procedure Fill a glass or jar about halfway full with water.Add a few drops of food coloring. Stir the liquid to make it colored.Add drops of bleach until the color starts to disappear. You can stir the contents of the glass if you like. Continue until the color is gone.Add a few drops of another color. What happens? The color doesnt spread out the same way as it did when coloring was added to pure water. It forms swirls, which may disappear if there is enough bleach in the water. Why It Works Bleach contains sodium hypochlorite, which is an oxidizer. It oxidizes or reacts with the chromophore or color molecules in food coloring. Although the pigment molecule remains, its shape changes so that it cant absorb/reflect light the same way, so it loses its color as a result of the chemical reaction. Safety Information Be careful to avoid spilling bleach on skin or clothes. Rinse any spills immediately with lots of water.Make sure young experimenters dont drink bleach or the contents of the glass. Diluted bleach is not particularly dangerous, but not good for you either!When you are done with the project, its safe to dump the contents of the glass down the drain and to re-use the washed glass for food.

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA Research Paper

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA - Research Paper Example   Research suggests that off-label prescribing of pharmaceutical drugs can result in exaggerated and untested claims by the drug manufacturer (Conko 2010, 2).   Although the use of drugs for purposes other than their originally intended use can provide many medical benefits, it can develop into an accepted mode of expanding the use of pharmaceuticals beyond the appropriate scope of their health benefits; moreover, this practice may result in unwanted and unforeseen health effects. The FDA has a formal ban on off-label product promotion, but this is often sidestepped as anecdotal reports of health benefits associated with off-label drug use are promoted in labeling and promotional advertising. These practices have created considerable confusion among health consumers who are the misleading product labels and inadequate instructions on the proper use of medications, their potential side effects and health risks   Some legal commentators have cited the extravagant internet adverti sing of pharmaceuticals as an important expansion of promotional strategies that often neglect to clearly state the label properties and risks associated with the use of a specific drugSection 502 of the Food and Drug Act deals specifically with issues of misbranding and false or misleading label practices by pharmaceutical companies. According to its provisions, a pharmaceutical drug label is considered at issue if any part of the label is misrepresented or misleading. This pertains to ingredients, quantity, source and packaging details.

The Impact of Political Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Impact of Political Institutions - Essay Example The Scottish Parliament is composed of 129 members of Parliament (MPs), directly elected by Scottish voters, who make laws regarding domestic issues such as crime and justice, education, health, agriculture, environment, transport, economic development and local government (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). The Parliament at Westminster, with 59 Scottish MPs, makes laws regarding security, foreign affairs and social security (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). The Scottish Executive is then in charge of enforcing these laws. Whereas the Scottish Parliament benefits financially from the central government’s money, it has no real power over its taxes. Scotland receives 60% of its spending from the British tax income (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). However, with regard to economic independence, Scotland is allowed to vary the basic income tax by up to 3 pence in the pound taxed (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). Thus, though politically independent, Scottish Treasury has no economic independence from the rest of the UK. This dependence is historical. Scotland has always had economic ties to the rest of the country, but has constitutionally been independent (Calman Commission, 2009, p.5 - 6). Due to the 1707 Act of Union, Scotland was allowed to retain its own judicial and educational system. However, economy and legislature, as well as the executive branches became subject to the Parliament at Westminster (Raco, 2003, p.80). The devolution of power is only a symmetrical copy of the historical structure of the UK before 1707. The US has a federalist system, unlike the UK. The UK is still an overwhelmingly unitary nation - state, where the central government controls everything (Vile, 2007, p.3). The US has a federalist system with separation of power between the judiciary, legislative and executive branches (Vile, 2007, p.3). Unlike the British system of central government, the US

Case Studies (Laura Martin) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Studies (Laura Martin) - Research Paper Example In the DCF analysis, the Net Present value has been calculated as the present value of the future net free cash inflows or the revenue of the business, minus the expenses, or the present value of the costs incurred (Mauboussin, 5). In most cases, these two are discounted using the company’s WACC (Stearns, 29). This assumption though made by Laura Martin is a flawed assumption. Mainly, free cash flows depend on the demand in the market, prices in the market, and other external factors in the market, with the market compensating firms; because of taking marketing risks (Chan et al, 3). In most cases, costs should be discounted at a rate higher than the risk free rate (Stearns, 3). This means that discounting the cash flows and the costs at similar rates will significantly reduce the costs; such actions would lead to overhaul of the firm (Chen et al, 3). Martin in these calculations used the beta approach, which measures the co-movements of firms’s equity prices of 1.07 in forecasting 10 years of cash flows in the market and which is affected by so many market variables (Mauboussin, 16). However, equity prices are unstable and change each time depending market business conditions. The multiple analyses assumed that the firm would realize the stated future sales revenue at the end of the forecast period (Chen et al, 3). Firms that have comparable acquisitions, particular in the same industry are used as a base in finding an appropriate range of multiples to use (Stearns, 24). Though multiples are very plausible, they have a problem in that there is no possibility of having a company that is comparable to Cox as firms do use various valuation approaches.. The ‘stealth- Tier’ can be incorporated into the DCF and the multiples analysis. The unused cable capacity of Cox communications can be included into the discounted cash flow analysis, through

Cadbury Company An Analysis of Financial Statements

Cadbury Company An Analysis of Financial Statements This analysis is to examine the performance of Cadbury in 2007 and 2008 from their financial statements which are shown below. There is a significant improvement in Cadburys confection revenues which increased 15% to  £5.4bn. Cadbury increased their price in their selling in 2008 for balancing the rise of their input cost and besides increased the price of their product, Cadbury also sleek their cost base, by decreasing in sales, to save their cost from labours, raw materials, and electricity, also Cadbury reduced their general and administration cost and in central overhead. Because of this movement, from the table of income statement and balance sheet, there is a significant change in their operating margin which is 278 million pounds in 2007 and it increased to 388 million pounds in 2008. There is also a big increase in discontinued operation from 2007 to 2008, which Cadbury made profit 258 million pounds in 2007 but loss 4 million pounds in 2008, this was happened because in 2008, Cadbury got a transaction cost of separation of the Americas Beverages business, in this year, Cadbury completed the demerger of its American Beverages business and sell the Australia Beverages business. From the table data that we had from Cadbury website, here are calculations to know about performance of Cadbury that each calculation has its own purpose. Mainly ratios have three important functions which are: From ratios, it is easier for us to make a conclusion than from a financial statement itself, because sometimes financial statement is very complex, and it is hard for us to draw a conclusion from that. Ratios provide a good benchmark that makes us easier to compare from one company to another. Here are some ratios about performance of Cadbury which all calculation is in million pounds. From this ratio, we compare 3 years financial statements and the ratios are: Profitability Efficiency Investment ratios PROFITABILITY Return on ordinary shareholders funds (ROSF) In 2007 Average shareholders fund = (3696+4173):2 = 3934.5 ROSF = (407 : 3934.5) x 100 = 10.344% In 2008 Average shareholders fund = (4173+3534):2= 3853.5 ROSF = (366 : 3853.5 ) x 100 = 9.5% Return on Capital employed (ROCE) In 2007 Average total assets less current liabilities = ( 6855 + 6724 ) : 2 = 6789.5 ROCE = (278 : 6789.5) x 100 = 4.095% In 2008 Average total assets less current liabilities = (6724 + 5507) : 2 = 6115.5 ROCE = (388 : 6115.5) x 100 = 6.345% Operating Profit Margin In 2007 Operating profit = 278 Operating profit margin = 278 : 4699 x 100 = 5.92% In 2008 Operating profit = 388 Operating profit margin = 388 : 5384 x 100 = 7.21% Gross Profit Margin In 2007 Gross profit margin = (2195 : 4669) x 100 = 47.01% In 2008 Gross profit margin = (2514 : 5384) x 100 = 46.69% EFFICIENCY Inventory days In 2007 Ratio = (821 : 2504) x 365 = 119.67 days (120 days) In 2008 Ratio = (767 : 2870) x 365 = 97.54 days (98 days) Total asset turnover In 2007 2006 = Fixed assets + current asset = 7815 + 2396 + 22 = 10233 2007 = Fixed assets + current asset = 8667 + 2600 + 71 = 11338 Average = (10233 + 11338) : 2 = 10785.5 Ratio = 4699 : 10785.5 = 0.448 In 2008 2007 = Fixed assets + current asset = 8667 + 2600 + 71 = 11338 2008 = Fixed assets + current asset = 5990 + 2635 + 270 = 8895 Average = (11338 + 8895) : 2 = 10116.5 Ratio = 5384 : 10116.5 = 0.532 Net asset turnover In 2007 Average total assets less current liabilities = ( 6855 + 6724 ) : 2 = 6789.5 Ratio = 4699 : 6789.5 = 0.688 In 2008 Average total assets less current liabilities = (6724 + 5507) : 2 = 6115.5 Ratio = 5384 : 6115.5 = 0.88 INVESTMENT RATIOS Dividend cover In 2007 Profit available for dividend = 149 + 258 = 407 Ratio = 407 : 311 = 1.31 In 2008 Profit available for dividend = 370 + (-4) = 366 Ratio = (366 : 295) = 1.24 Dividend Payment Ratio In 2007 Profit available for dividend = 149 + 258 = 407 Ratio = (311 : 407) x 100% = 76% In 2008 Profit available for dividend = 370 + (-4) = 366 Ratio = (295 : 366) x 100% = 81% Summary Based on calculation above, we can summarise a few things. There is a relation between profitability and efficiency, which is ROCE = operating profit margin x asset turnover In 2007 ( 278 : 6789.5 ) = ( 278 : 4699 ) x ( 4699 : 6789.5 ) In 2008 ( 388 : 6115.5 ) = ( 388 : 5384 ) x ( 5384 : 6115.5 ) It means that to improve ROCE, Cadbury has to improve their operating margins, from this Cadbury has increased their sales (increase their price of their product and reduce their cost), this method is effective, that we can see from their turn over which had increased from 4.7 billion pounds to 5.4 billion pounds in 2008. Return on ordinary shareholders funds (ROSF) ROSF means to compares the profit that available for shareholders with their investment in business. ROSF uses average investment in the business, from the calculation of ROSF, we can see that the profit for shareholders had decreased from 2007 to 2008 which was 10.344% in 2007 and 9.5% in 2008, this was happened because in 2008 there was loss because discontinued operation which has explained from above. Gross Profit Margin and Operating Profit Margin Gross profit margin calculates about the difference between cost of manufacturing and the selling price, from that we have calculated on above, there is a slightly decrease from 2007 to 2008 which was 47.01% in 2007 and it was decreased to 46.69%. for operating margin, it calculates about operating profit that Cadbury received in every 100 pounds of sales, in Cadburys financial statement, we can see that there is an increase from 5.92 in 2007 to 7.21 in 2008, which means that in 2007 Cadbury received 5.92% as operating profit and 94.08% going in cost, and also in 2008. Inventory days From this calculation, it calculated about planning how much inventory level that can cover for the sales, it means to calculate how many days that left before you run out your inventory and there will be nothing for your customers to buy. from the calculation, we can see that there was a decrease from 2007 to 2008 in inventory days, which was 120 days in 2007 and 98 days in 2008, it means that Cadbury in 2007 Cadbury had 120 days left to cover their selling so in that time if Cadbury did not produce their product, then they had 120 days to cover before they run out, and it had decreased in 2008 to 98 days. Total asset turnover and Net asset turnover Total asset turnover of Cadbury PLC in 2007 and 2008 were 0.448 and 0.532, whereas their net asset turnover in 2007 and 2008 were 0.688 and 0.88. Total asset turnover is based on total assets while net asset turnover is based on total assets less current liabilities. According to data in 2008, it showed that Cadbury got  £ 0.532 for every  £ 1 of their assets and got  £ 0.88 for every  £ 1 of their net assets. This situation indicated that Cadbury had loss  £ 0.468 per  £ 1 of their assets and had loss  £ 0.12 per  £ 1 of their net assets. Dividend cover and Dividend payment ratio Both of those ratios have same purpose which is to know how much money that the shareholders received from the profit of the company. In 2007, the dividend cover and dividend payment ratio were 1.31 and 76% while the dividend cover and dividend payment ratio in 2008 were 1.24 and 81%. It expressed that Cadbury got some profit which is  £ 1.31 per  £ 1 that Cadbury paid out as dividend in 2007 and they got  £ 1.24 in 2008. Those percentages expressed the amount of profit that is allocated to pay the shareholders as dividend, so 76% and 81% of their profit has been paid out as dividend. The Analysis of Financial Statements of Cadbury Competitor Cadbury has several competitors in confectionary business which are Nestle, Mars, etc. In this case, we would like to compare Cadbury with Nestle because Nestle is the largest food and beverage company in the world. Nestle also produces chocolate, gum, and candy same as Cadbury. The tables of financial statements of Nestle are shown below. According to table that is shown above, we can analyze the financial statements of Nestle. There are several ratios that we can calculate which are: Profitability Return on ordinary shareholders funds (ROSF) In 2007 = 20.79% In 2008 = 37.92% Return on capital employed (ROCE) In 2007 = 20.08% In 2008 = 34.58% Operating profit margin In 2007 = 13.42% In 2008 = 20.91% Gross profit margin In 2007 = 58.13% In 2008 = 56.93% Efficiency Inventory days In 2007 = 75.14 days In 2008 = 72.03 days Total assets turnover In 2007 = 0.98 In 2008 = 1.09 Net assets turnover In 2007 = 1.50 In 2008 = 1.65 Efficiency Acid test ratio In 2007 = 0.61 In 2008 = 0.71 Investment ratios Dividend cover In 2007 = 2.49 times In 2008 = 3.72 times In 2008, turnover of Cadbury and Nestle were  £ 5,384 millions and  £ 55,174.6988 millions, whereas the net profit of Cadbury and Nestle were  £366 millions and  £ 9,563.75502 millions. From those data, we can compare both of their performance in 2008. Cadbury = = 0.068 = 6.8% Nestle = = 0.173 = 17.3% Based on those results, it looks Nestle has a better performance than Cadbury. Nestle has a lot of variety of products that they have sold and Nestle company is also has wider market than Cadbury. The categories of Nestle products are baby foods, breakfast cereals, chocolate and confectionery, beverages, bottled water, dairy products, ice cream, prepared foods, foodservice, and pet care. (ANSWERS.COM http://www.answers.com/topic/nestl-sa). That reason is the one of many reasons that is causing Nestle performance is better than Cadbury. However, if we observe in one category such as chocolate and confectionary, Cadbury has a good market rather than Nestle. Cadbury is the second largest candy factory in the world after Mars and the second largest gum factory in the world after Wrigley.

Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay -- Stevenson Je

Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The novella ‘Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde’ was written by Robert Louis Stevenson in the Victorian era. The book was first published in 1886 in England and it brought high success to the author. The final chapter of the novella which is ‘Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement Of The Case’ explores the ways that the author presents Victorian attitudes to the nature of humans. Stevenson explains to the reader that humans have lots of different sides to each other and not just one. He also explains how duplicitous humans are. â€Å"I stood already committed to a profound duplicity of life† Pg69 The text was written in the Victorian era which was around the 1800’s. In those days the Victorian culture was very different to today’s culture. They had strict moral codes to live under as middle class people. They argued that as Victorian values they should look after themselves and their family first and also they should not rely on outside help. Another Victorian value expected of them was to live a life without any sin. Even though the cultural context influences people, not every Victorian person obeyed the values outside the public. The Victorian people had paradoxical views because they would go out drinking and also the porn industry was famous out side public life. Beliefs in religion were having a turn point because of the introduction of science in to the Victorian era. Victorians were expected to live a life of Puritanism. The main characters in this text are Dr Jekyll, Mr Hyde, Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield, Dr Lanyon and Poole the butler. Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield are both Victorian lawyers who are well respected from other people. ‘those who encountered them in th... ...orals are still relevant today because humans in today’s society all have a good and evil side in them like Dr Jekyll did. The nurture of all humans is always different because one day you can be good and the other day you can be full of evil. In my opinion our upbringing doesn’t mean we will be like that because what we learn form outside can influence our personality too. In Dr Jekyll’s case he was brought up to be a Victorian gentleman but he didn’t like the life of a Victorian gentleman as it was boring to him. So the change into Hyde that he had was his type of life as he got to do what he wanted to. Drugs in today’s society are the same as Victorian time but it is commonly known to the public. Where as in Victorian days it was illegal to take drugs. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ has a social moral to it which tells the reader how to behave in a society.

Discerning Contemporary Approaches towards Effective Education

The pursuit of learning, it must be argued, is an activity that brings into perfection the finest essence of human persons. And the reason for this, as I have mentioned in my previous paper, is quite self-evident: to engage in learning – or any activity analogous to the purposeful acquisition of knowledge – is to nurture the gifts which, at best, summarily render humanity as creatures cut above the rest – i. e. , freewill and rationality (Moore and Bruder 67). Thus, the supreme importance of creating welcome avenues for learning needs to be considered as a task second to none.At the very least, all human persons are, by virtue of their innate superiority, necessitated to constantly strive to create windows of opportunities for higher learning, as well as address ebbs of challenges which, if left unchecked, may end up frustrating the correct methodologies to progressive learning. In view of such felt need, this paper argues for the necessity of framing forward-loo king goals that can best address the contemporary challenges, which otherwise can pose serious threats to the attainment of quality education.To this end, this study deems it appropriate to limit the discussion into unraveling three concrete goals that may be adopted, in the hope of addressing contemporary concerns to education: first, to rethink the model of educational Psychology operative on most learning institution; second, to revolutionize classroom management towards greater inclusion and participation; and third, to re-conceptualize the appreciation of education as that which prepares students for a greater role in the society later on in their otherwise brief lives.It needs to be firstly pointed out however that in itself, education cannot be reduced into these three goals. The human mind, it needs to be argued, is capable of learning many facets of knowledge; and as a consequence, the goals with which each learning facet takes can be taken distinctly from others. For insta nce, if one were to pursue an education in Engineering, the specific goals with which his or her learning process takes must see through the need to develop one’s knowledge of precise mathematical theories on the one hand, and skills relative to concrete application of calculated findings on the other hand.The goal of a person studying Engineering therefore falls more into the acquisition of a knowledge that integrates abstract mathematical theories with concrete skills in fine arts and drawing. One does not compare such goal with, say educating someone who, while mentally impaired, manifests strains of learning nevertheless. The point in contention here lies in the plain recognition that learning can and must always be construed with its varying goals, â€Å"depending on the learner’s frame and chosen field of competence† (Ten Dam and Volman 282).Three Forward-Looking Goals It merits firstly arguing that there is a need to rethink the model of Educational Psych ology operative on many learning institutions nowadays. Herein it would be necessary to cite that there appears to be two major schools of thought being adopted into the conduct of present-day education: the behaviorist and cognitive paradigms. On the one hand, the behaviorist model of education is most often gleaned on learning strategies that take students as ‘passive learners’ – i. e. , as mere reactors to learning stimuli.The stance, as it were, takes on a highly stereotyped understanding of human behavior; it â€Å"takes the mind of a child as a tabula rasa upon which the message of experience is to be written† (Wartofsky 113). On the other hand, the cognitive model of education adopts a paradigm which is exactly the opposite of the behaviorist model. It believes that learning instruction has to promote the mental abilities already intrinsic to human persons, even before they enter their respective learning places – they are mere mental process es that need to be unraveled.When a learner is therefore taken under the acute lenses of cognitive philosophy, the process of developing the unique abilities of abstraction, analysis, cognition, deconstruction, problem solving and self-reflection are the aspects that act as the crux of one’s learning. There is, however, a danger in choosing only one paradigm to adopt. On the one hand, it is certainly unwise to take learners as though they were programmed to uncritically absorb everything that they are being taught.Learning is not entirely about external influences. On the other hand, it is equally self-defeating to regard students as process-induced organisms, without recourse to appreciating their concrete situations. Learning is not completely about internal processes. This is why, it is imperative to rethink the psychological model of Educational. At best, what appears to be a more promising model to adopt is that which seeks to integrate these twin paradigms into a compre hensive model for education.Concretely, this can be achieved by taking learners as â€Å"highly structured organisms, who in their own unique ways, do try to ‘make sense’ of their life experiences in a manner that is not only active but also constructive† (Wartofsky 113). In other words, what Wartofsky correctly notes stems from a keen, if not correct observation that learning is much more than the acquisition of knowledge and the development of innate skills. Learning, instead, brings into fruition one’s knowledge and skills, by charting how one is able to successfully apply these concepts into prolific results.Secondly, the telling need to revolutionize the pedagogies and strategies pertinent to effective classroom instruction represents an unmistakably rapidly-growing concern for most educational institutions. At the very least, the old model of traditional instruction needs to be supplanted with better strategies which are now available in the field. L earning, it needs to be noted, is a delicate process; it must be attended to only by acceptable approaches and inviting programs. For such reason, Kounin believes that classroom management is of the essence in the entire learning process – i.e. , â€Å"good classroom management† must be considered as an indispensable requisite to student’s learning† (qtd. in Emmer and Stough 104). And there are reasons to think the manner by which educators create and design appropriate classroom management styles spells the difference between the welcome promotion of learning and the unfortunate frustration of the same. On the one hand, revolutionizing the contemporary approach to learning necessitates a thorough re-evaluation of the technical aspects of classroom management.This re-evaluation process entails, still according to the suggestions of Kounin, putting a fair amount of effort and energy to apply all the three aspects of classroom management into the learning en vironment: first, to ensure that â€Å"preparations† relative to academic programs and campus regulations are properly articulated and clearly outlined so as to facilitate their effective implementation; second, to determine head-on whether or not the interaction transpiring between the educator and learners during the â€Å"actual† learning process are marked by appropriateness and facility; and third, to determine a program that assesses and monitors how educators are able to â€Å"control† the environment for learning (Vasa 64-66).One may correctly notice that this specific program seeks to guide the learning process before it is undertaken, during its implementation and after the process has been completed. Simply put, the process is comprehensive. And it is with good reasons that a learning institution must adopt such a revolutionary program to guide their respective educational goals and visions into welcome fruition. On the other hand, it has to be likewi se appreciated that any effort to revolutionize classroom management cannot stop at ensuring that the aforesaid technical aspects work effectively in the service of efficiency and facility. With equal or more emphasis, there is a need to revolutionize, in a manner being drastic but progressive, the fundamental concept of the learning process itself.Herein, it is wise to reminded what P. Freire has to say about the matter – i. e. , learning cannot be seen as an asymmetrical process, where teachers dole out incremental nuggets of knowledge and students receive them uncritically as though they were nothing but repositories of data and information. When a learning institution engages in this type of one-way instruction, Freire believes that it adopts an unmistakably restrictive â€Å"banking concept of education†. He believes that under this model, â€Å"knowledge is (considered as) a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consid er to know nothing† (Friere).Instead, Freire maintains that classroom instructions, as indeed the entire process of education, have to revolutionized so as to cater to the need to â€Å"strive for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality† (Freire). For only when educators see the supreme importance of promoting the learner’s concrete appropriation of his or her learning can learning environments break free from the traditional spoon-feeding model of instruction that has long plagued the many educational systems. Thirdly, there is a certainly a need to re-orient the goal of education in respect to its duty to prepare the learners in discerning their chosen vocations relative the needs of the society later on. Nowadays, education is often seen as a personal ticket to success; an instrument which yields a higher rate of success to the top.More and more therefore, the call to recover the thrust of education from this highly individualistic frame becomes even more relevant. As indeed, the need to underscore the intricate relations between the goals of education and the needs of the society cannot be under-appreciated. In ways of more than one, learning is really about participating in the network of relationships latched in humanity’s basic sociality. Learning is indeed about â€Å"the increasing ability to participate in the social and culture practices which are considered important in the society† (Ten Dam and Volman 285). And this does not entail seeing the education of students as a precursor their filling up certain stereotyped roles which a society demands.Ten Dam and Volman believes that â€Å"adequate participation† in the society â€Å"does not mean behaving according to a fixed set of norms, but being able to deal flexibly with the differences and other choices and possibilities† (284). Thus, learning is about empowering the students to discover their inner gifts while they are at school so that they can use them for the sake of society’s wellbeing later. In the ultimate analysis, it must be recognized that â€Å"the content of education has† indeed something â€Å"to do with society’s need for people who are prepared for the conditions of life in a civil society† (Daniliuk 13). To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that affirms the abiding necessity of conceiving forward-looking goals to help address the contemporary conduct of education.Time is indeed changing fast; and so is the manner by which the world understands education and human learning. In order to adapt, challenges must be met with equivalent responses and adequate solutions. Three concrete suggestions have been raised in this paper: to re-conceptualize the model of educational Psychology, to revolutionize classroom management approaches, and to recover the role of education in respect to the needs of the society. Surely, there are still a lot more chall enges to hurdle; a lot more Goliaths to slay. For the time being, the world can rest assured that for as long as concrete steps are being framed to address educational issues, there can be little doubt that humanity’s can always strive for constant learning. References Daniliuk, A. â€Å"The Role of Education in the Formation of a Civil Society†. Russian Education   Ã‚   and Society, 50, 5, 2008. Emmer, E. & Stough, L. â€Å"Classroom Management: A Critical Part of Educational   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology,   Ã‚   with Implications for Teacher Education†. Educational Psychologist, 32, 2, 2001. Freire, P. â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education†. Ten Dam, G. & Volman M. â€Å"Educating for Adulthood or for Citizenship: Social Competence as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   an Educational Goal†. European Journal of Education, 42, 2, 2007. Vasa, S. (1984). â€Å"Classroom Management: Selected Overview of Literature†. Teacher Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monograph, 1, pp. 64-74. Wartofsky, M. â€Å"On the Creation and Transformation of Norms of Human Development†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leonard Cirillo & Seymour Wapner, editors. Value Presuppositions in Theories of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human Development. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.   

Evolution of Leadership Models

What is leadership? And how has the theory on leadership developed? Greenwood (1993) paints an interesting if somewhat surprising picture as he reviews the development of leadership theory from the turn of the twentieth century onward. Greenwood (1993) describes how in the early 1900s the Father of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor while not directly writing about leadership in his description of the role of the supervisor introduced the matter of traits and its link to situation.He did so as he described the ideal traits to be found in an effective foreman even while acknowledging that no one person would have all those characteristics and so there was the need for by dividing the work into specialized areas. Further, from the nineteenth century Thomas Carlyle examined the characteristics of great men â€Å"positing that the rise to power is rooted in a heroic set of personal talents, skills or physical characteristics† (Heifetz, 1998:16).At the start of the twentieth c entury, other scholars (Bird, 1940, Tead and Metcalf, 1920, Barnard, 1938), also affirmed that successful managers have certain traits. However, in 1948 Stogdill’s seminal work highlighted the inconsistencies in the trait theory studies significantly dismantled the theory noting that: The evidence suggests that leadership is a relation that exists between persons in a social situation, and that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations†¦. Stogdill, 1974 cited in Greenwood, 1993:7Interestingly, Davis (1934) referring to traits noted there was no checklist for success but stated that leadership characteristic â€Å"they are necessarily a function of the characteristics and requirements of the leader and the particular situation, as well as the innate capacities of the executive himself† (Davis, 1937 cited in Greenwood, 1993:8). By 1955 Koontz and O’Donnell building on his work posited that the trait theory was of little promise noting that leadership involved the power of persuasion upon followers and that the quality of leadership was impacted by certain nvironmental factors. Leadership theory was also influenced by human relation considerations, which emerged around about the same time. These thinkers made the link with leadership as it relates to the leader’s ability to connect with people, to empathise, develop teams and to delegate and emphasized that the follower was central and leadership focused on the needs of the follower. So while the movement did not develop a leadership theory it introduced the linkage between individual needs, observations and group dynamics and appropriate styles of leadership behavior.Blake and Mouton challenged Davis’s theory of behavior stating that â€Å"the dimensions needed for an effective description of operational conduct are attitudinal variables, not behavior variables† (cited in Greenwood, 1993:13). Using the managerial gri d and attitudinal variables the writers posited that there was one best way to lead but differing tactics depending on the situation. This premise is not supported by the situational theory, which focuses on many leadership styles which depends on the situation.In many ways situational theory is a convergence of many schools of thought; although the path to its development has been ‘messy’ and sometimes circuitous. The theory is based on â€Å"leadership effectiveness †¦ strongly tied to a leader being demanding and simultaneously sensitive to the needs of the followers† (Greenwood, 1993:14). It predicts leadership performance based on interaction between leadership personality and the leaders control of the situation. In this regard, the theory is a variance with Blake and Mouton’s view of one best style.Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s (1973 ) classical work supports the contingency theory and described seven leadership styles, which were employed de pending on interrelatedness of three key issues: forces in the manger, the subordinate and the situation. As noted by the writers. the successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather, he is one who maintains a high batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine what his most appropriate behavior at any given time. Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973:180) Situational Model versus LMXThe situational approach has evolved into a situational leadership model, which combines the four styles of leadership linked with the nature of the task and the performance readiness of the individuals to determine the most appropriate leadership style. Performance readiness is based on two principal issues ability and willingness. By combining the leadership styles with performance readiness continuum matrix one is able to match performance readiness with leadership style. So for instance a low performance readiness (R1) wou ld require a telling style (S1) (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008).The work of Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder (1993) writing on creating readiness for organisational change provide a framework of readiness and urgency, which is related to the Situational Model and supports the premise that readiness is linked to leadership style. On the other hand, the LMX theory (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995) is a more recent theory, which examines the three domains of leadership; that is leader, follower and relationship in order to increase predictability of leadership practices. It incorporates operations and relationship in the leadership process.However, Stage 3 Leadership Making and Stage 4 – Team Making two important elements of the leadership process are still evolving. In my opinion, while the concepts are of interest it has not yet matured sufficient to be a useful tool when compared to the Situational Model. In summary, the situational model while not the end all and be all of leadersh ip theory provides a useful tool for practitioners to apply in their professional practice. Concluding remarks I am amazed at the state of leadership theory despite the many years of intense study. Such is the complexity of the issue.In my own professional practice I often adopt a leadership style that is in line with the contingency theory. With my team the style based on the model tends to be S2 while with some of the pilots countries where there is a concern with preparedness ranging between R1 and R2 I tend to adopt a telling or selling leadership style. Additionally, given the time limitation on the project readiness of the stakeholders can generally be described as low readiness/high urgency. I am not in apposition to replace staff so I will have to rethink my communication strategy ( Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993).I start where I began what is leadership? In a sense I know more about what leadership is not. It is not about traits or personalities nor is it leader focus ed. Leadership in many ways is still an art, it is relational, reflexive, intuitive and is a state within, which the leader and follower are inextricably linked. Denise Forrest Bibliography Armenakis, A. A. , Harris, S. G. & Mossholder, K. W. (1993) ‘Creating readiness for organizational change’, Human Relations, 46 (6), pp. 681-703. Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995) ‘Relationship-based approach to leadership: development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective’, The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (2), pp. 219-247. Greenwood, R. G. (1993) ‘Leadership theory: a historical look at its evolution’,Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1 (1), pp. 4-19, Heifetz, R. A. (1998) ‘Values in leadership’. In: Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 13-27. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. & Johnson, D. E. (2008) ‘S ituational leadership ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: In: Management of organizational behavior: leading human resources. 9th ed. New York: Pearson International, pp. 132-157. Leana, C. R. (1986) ‘Predictors and consequences of delegation’, Academy of Management Journal, 29 (4), pp. 754-774. Raelin, J. A. (2003) Creating leaderful organizations: how to bring outleadership in everyone. San Francisco, California: Berrett-Koehler. Tannenbaum, R. & Schmidt, W. H. (1973) ‘How to choose a leadership pattern’, Harvard Business Review, 51 (3), pp. 162-180. Evolution of Leadership Models What is leadership? And how has the theory on leadership developed? Greenwood (1993) paints an interesting if somewhat surprising picture as he reviews the development of leadership theory from the turn of the twentieth century onward. Greenwood (1993) describes how in the early 1900s the Father of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor while not directly writing about leadership in his description of the role of the supervisor introduced the matter of traits and its link to situation.He did so as he described the ideal traits to be found in an effective foreman even while acknowledging that no one person would have all those characteristics and so there was the need for by dividing the work into specialized areas. Further, from the nineteenth century Thomas Carlyle examined the characteristics of great men â€Å"positing that the rise to power is rooted in a heroic set of personal talents, skills or physical characteristics† (Heifetz, 1998:16).At the start of the twentieth c entury, other scholars (Bird, 1940, Tead and Metcalf, 1920, Barnard, 1938), also affirmed that successful managers have certain traits. However, in 1948 Stogdill’s seminal work highlighted the inconsistencies in the trait theory studies significantly dismantled the theory noting that: The evidence suggests that leadership is a relation that exists between persons in a social situation, and that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations†¦. Stogdill, 1974 cited in Greenwood, 1993:7Interestingly, Davis (1934) referring to traits noted there was no checklist for success but stated that leadership characteristic â€Å"they are necessarily a function of the characteristics and requirements of the leader and the particular situation, as well as the innate capacities of the executive himself† (Davis, 1937 cited in Greenwood, 1993:8). By 1955 Koontz and O’Donnell building on his work posited that the trait theory was of little promise noting that leadership involved the power of persuasion upon followers and that the quality of leadership was impacted by certain nvironmental factors. Leadership theory was also influenced by human relation considerations, which emerged around about the same time. These thinkers made the link with leadership as it relates to the leader’s ability to connect with people, to empathise, develop teams and to delegate and emphasized that the follower was central and leadership focused on the needs of the follower. So while the movement did not develop a leadership theory it introduced the linkage between individual needs, observations and group dynamics and appropriate styles of leadership behavior.Blake and Mouton challenged Davis’s theory of behavior stating that â€Å"the dimensions needed for an effective description of operational conduct are attitudinal variables, not behavior variables† (cited in Greenwood, 1993:13). Using the managerial gri d and attitudinal variables the writers posited that there was one best way to lead but differing tactics depending on the situation. This premise is not supported by the situational theory, which focuses on many leadership styles which depends on the situation.In many ways situational theory is a convergence of many schools of thought; although the path to its development has been ‘messy’ and sometimes circuitous. The theory is based on â€Å"leadership effectiveness †¦ strongly tied to a leader being demanding and simultaneously sensitive to the needs of the followers† (Greenwood, 1993:14). It predicts leadership performance based on interaction between leadership personality and the leaders control of the situation. In this regard, the theory is a variance with Blake and Mouton’s view of one best style.Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s (1973 ) classical work supports the contingency theory and described seven leadership styles, which were employed de pending on interrelatedness of three key issues: forces in the manger, the subordinate and the situation. As noted by the writers. the successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather, he is one who maintains a high batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine what his most appropriate behavior at any given time. Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973:180) Situational Model versus LMXThe situational approach has evolved into a situational leadership model, which combines the four styles of leadership linked with the nature of the task and the performance readiness of the individuals to determine the most appropriate leadership style. Performance readiness is based on two principal issues ability and willingness. By combining the leadership styles with performance readiness continuum matrix one is able to match performance readiness with leadership style. So for instance a low performance readiness (R1) wou ld require a telling style (S1) (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008).The work of Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder (1993) writing on creating readiness for organisational change provide a framework of readiness and urgency, which is related to the Situational Model and supports the premise that readiness is linked to leadership style. On the other hand, the LMX theory (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995) is a more recent theory, which examines the three domains of leadership; that is leader, follower and relationship in order to increase predictability of leadership practices. It incorporates operations and relationship in the leadership process.However, Stage 3 Leadership Making and Stage 4 – Team Making two important elements of the leadership process are still evolving. In my opinion, while the concepts are of interest it has not yet matured sufficient to be a useful tool when compared to the Situational Model. In summary, the situational model while not the end all and be all of leadersh ip theory provides a useful tool for practitioners to apply in their professional practice. Concluding remarks I am amazed at the state of leadership theory despite the many years of intense study. Such is the complexity of the issue.In my own professional practice I often adopt a leadership style that is in line with the contingency theory. With my team the style based on the model tends to be S2 while with some of the pilots countries where there is a concern with preparedness ranging between R1 and R2 I tend to adopt a telling or selling leadership style. Additionally, given the time limitation on the project readiness of the stakeholders can generally be described as low readiness/high urgency. I am not in apposition to replace staff so I will have to rethink my communication strategy ( Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993).I start where I began what is leadership? In a sense I know more about what leadership is not. It is not about traits or personalities nor is it leader focus ed. Leadership in many ways is still an art, it is relational, reflexive, intuitive and is a state within, which the leader and follower are inextricably linked. Denise Forrest Bibliography Armenakis, A. A. , Harris, S. G. & Mossholder, K. W. (1993) ‘Creating readiness for organizational change’, Human Relations, 46 (6), pp. 681-703. Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995) ‘Relationship-based approach to leadership: development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective’, The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (2), pp. 219-247. Greenwood, R. G. (1993) ‘Leadership theory: a historical look at its evolution’,Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1 (1), pp. 4-19, Heifetz, R. A. (1998) ‘Values in leadership’. In: Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 13-27. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. & Johnson, D. E. (2008) ‘S ituational leadership ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: In: Management of organizational behavior: leading human resources. 9th ed. New York: Pearson International, pp. 132-157. Leana, C. R. (1986) ‘Predictors and consequences of delegation’, Academy of Management Journal, 29 (4), pp. 754-774. Raelin, J. A. (2003) Creating leaderful organizations: how to bring outleadership in everyone. San Francisco, California: Berrett-Koehler. Tannenbaum, R. & Schmidt, W. H. (1973) ‘How to choose a leadership pattern’, Harvard Business Review, 51 (3), pp. 162-180.