IRAC Method of Legal Writing Definition and Examples

IRAC Method of Legal Writing Definition and Examples IRAC is an  acronym for issue, rule (or relevant law), application (or analysis), and conclusion: a method used in composing certain legal documents and reports. William H. Putman describes IRAC as a structured approach to problem-solving. The IRAC format, when followed in the preparation of a legal memorandum, helps ensure the clear communication of the complex subject matter of legal issue analysis. (Legal Research and Analysis Writing. 2010) Pronunciation I-rak Examples and Observations of the IRAC Method IRAC is not a mechanical formula, but simply a common sense approach to analyzing a legal issue. Before a student can analyze a legal issue, of course, they have to know what the issue is. Thus, logically, step one in the IRAC methodology is to identify the issue (I). Step two is to state the relevant rule(s) of law that will apply in resolving the issue (R). Step three is to apply those rules to the facts of the question- that is, to analyze the issue (A). Step four is to offer a conclusion as to the most likely result (C). (Andrew McClurg,  1L of a Ride: A Well-Traveled Professors Roadmap to Success in the First Year of Law School, 2nd ed. West Academic Publishing, 2013) Sample IRAC Paragraph (I) Whether a bailment for the mutual benefit of Rough Touch and Howard existed. (R) A pawn is a form of bailment, made for the mutual benefit of bailee and bailor, arising when goods are delivered to another as a pawn for security to him on money borrowed by the bailor. Jacobs v. Grossman, 141 N.E. 714, 715 (III. App.Ct. 1923). In Jacobs, the court found that a bailment for mutual benefit did arise because the plaintiff pawned a ring as collateral for a $70 loan given to him by the defendant. Id. (A) In our problem, Howard pawned her ring as collateral to secure an $800 loan given to her by Rough Tough. (C) Therefore, Howard and Rough Tough probably created a bailment for mutual benefit. (Hope Viner Samborn and Andrea B. Yelin, Basic Legal Writing for Paralegals, 3rd ed. Aspen, 2010)When faced with a fairly simple legal problem, all the IRAC elements may fit into a single paragraph. At other times you may want to divide the IRAC elements. For example, you might wish to set out th e issue and the rule of law in one paragraph, the analysis for the plaintiff in a second paragraph, and the analysis for the defendant and your conclusion in a third paragraph, and the transitional phrase or sentence in the first sentence of yet a fourth paragraph. (Katherine A. Currier and Thomas E. Eimermann, Introduction to Paralegal Studies: A Critical Thinking Approach, 4th ed. Asen, 2010) The Relationship Between IRAC and Court Opinions IRAC stands for the components of legal analysis: issue, rule, application, and conclusion. What is the relationship between IRAC (or its variations...) and a court opinion? Judges certainly provide legal analysis in their opinions. Do the judges follow IRAC? Yes, they do, although often in highly stylized formats. In almost every court opinion, judges: - identify the legal issues to be resolved (the I of IRAC); - interpret statutes and other rules (the R of IRAC); - provide reasons why the rules do or do not apply to the facts (the A of IRAC); and - conclude by answering the legal issues through holdings and a disposition (the C of IRAC). Each issue in the opinion goes through this process. A judge may not use all of the language of IRAC, may use different versions of IRAC, and may discuss the components of IRAC in a different order. Yet IRAC is the heart of the opinion. It is what opinions do: they apply rules to facts to resolve legal issues.(William P. Statsky, Essentials of Paralegalism, 5th ed. Delmar, 2010) Alternative Format: CREAC The IRAC formula... envisions a time-pressured exam answer... But whats rewarded in law-school exams tends not to be rewarded in real-life writing. So the coveted IRAC mantra ... will produce mediocre to worse results in memo-writing and brief-writing. Why? Because if you were to write a one-issue memo using the IRAC organization, you wouldnt reach the conclusion- the answer to the issue- until the end... Knowing this, some legal-writing professors recommend another strategy for writing you do after law school. They call it CREAC, which stands for conclusion-rule-elaboration-application (of the rule to the facts)-conclusion (restated). Although youd probably be penalized for that organizational strategy on most law exams, its actually superior to IRAC for other types of writing. But it, too, has a serious shortcoming: Because it doesnt really pose an issue, it presents a conclusion to an unknown problem. ï » ¿(Bryan A. Garner, Garner on Language and Writing. American Bar Association, 2009)

Make Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream - Molecular Gastronomy

Make Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream - Molecular Gastronomy Who says ice cream is a dish best served cold? Maybe you should try it hot. Heres a molecular gastronomy project that applies science to make hot ice cream. The key ingredient is methylcellulose, a polymer  that gels when its heated rather than chilled. Try hot maple ice cream on in an ice cream cone or perhaps top your waffles with it. Hot Maple Syrup Ice Cream Ingredients 150 grams (1-1/4 cup)  plain yogurt115 grams (1/2 cup) cream cheese50 milliliters (3-1/2 tablespoons)  maple syrup75 milliliters (5 tablespoons)  water20 grams (5 teaspoons)  sugar6 grams (2-1/4 teaspoons)  methylcellulose powder (Methocel food gum, SGA 150) If youre not a fan of maple syrup, make chocolate ice cream by using chocolate syrup instead of maple syrup. You could use other syrup flavors if you prefer. Lets Make Hot Ice Cream! In a bowl, whisk together the yogurt, cream cheese, and maple syrup. The mixture should be smooth and creamy.In a saucepan, bring the sugar and water to a boil.Remove the saucepan from heat and whisk in the methylcellulose powder. Mix in the powder until the mixture is smooth.Whisk the two mixtures together until they are fully blended. This is your ice cream mixture.Refrigerate the ice cream at least 2-3 hours.When you are ready to serve the ice cream bring a pot of water to a simmer.Use an ice cream scoop to drop spoonfuls of the ice cream mixture into the hot water. You can drop multiple scoops into the pot, as long as there is room for them to remain separate.Let each scoop of ice cream simmer for 1-2 minutes.Use a slotted spoon or ladle to remove each maple syrup ice cream scoop. Drizzle on maple syrup, if you like. Enjoy it while its hot since this ice cream melts as it cools, rather than as it heats up. Do you want to try another molecular gastronomy project? How about making powdered olive oil.

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung Dissertation

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis - Dissertation Example The researcher states that a practice of burning a substance like tobacco or cannabis and inhaling or tasting it is called Smoking. Cigarettes are the most common method of smoking. Pipes, Bidis, Cigars, Hookahs etc are other methods. A research shows that â€Å"half of all long term smokers will die† (It’s Never Too Late to Quit Smoking, Says Study 2012) due to disease related to smoking it suggests that â€Å"even non smokers† are prone to these diseases. Worldwide a â€Å"large number of people† are killed because of these diseases. Study shows that â€Å"one out of two people† die due to their habit of smoking and that too many at their mid age. There is lot of harmful effects on the body like – †¢ Temporary increase of â€Å"blood pressure† and heart beat further straining the heart and blood vessels. †¢ The chances of â€Å"heart attacks, strokes, paralysis and weakness† (Pai 2011). There are â€Å"numerous cancers† associated with smoking. †¢ Smoking at young age â€Å"reduces IQ† of a person. The â€Å"blood circulation† is not proper which affects the body and skin. This also leads to weakness. †¢ It â€Å"damages the retina† thereby affecting the eyesight. †¢ Smoking â€Å"causes the bones to become weak† (Nutrition and Weak Bones 2010) leading to fractures. †¢ â€Å"Fertility† related problems are seen in both men and women. †¢ Smokers are prone to â€Å"kidney, stomach† related diseases. †¢ It also leads to â€Å"lung cancer† â€Å"Pregnancy† related issues are found in women who smoke. The new born child is also adversely affected. People who smoke have a â€Å"shorter life span.† Smoking can cause different types of cancer. These include Lung cancer, Mouth cancer, Throat, â€Å"Stomach† Esophagus, cancer of Kidney, cancer of Bladder, cancer in Pancreas etc. Lung cancer is one amongst the most â€Å"deadliest form of cancer.† (Epidemiology of Lung Cancer n.d.). Every year aboutâ€Å"7.5 million people die† (U.N. Summit as World Cancer Toll Increases 2012) of lung cancer. The â€Å"survival† (Lung Cancer Survival Rate 2011) of the lung cancer patients depends on it’s diagnose stage and type. Now the question arises what exactly is Lung cancer. Due to series of changes in the cells in the lungs they tend to grow abnormally and â€Å"out of control† (Eldridge 2012). This type of behavior in the lungs is known as Lung cancer. This can occur any were throughout the lungs. Lung cancer is mainly classified in to two types, 1. â€Å"Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung C ancer n.d.). 2. â€Å"Non Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung Cancer n.d.). Small Cell Lung Cancer: Study reveals that around â€Å"10% to 15 %† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012) of Lung cancer patients suffer from Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). It â€Å"spread quickly† (Patient Information: Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (Beyond the Basics) 2012). It is more found in people who smoke than those who do not smoke. SCLC is considered as the â€Å"most aggressive form of Lung cancer† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). It tends to develop in the â€Å"bronchi† (Lung Cancer 2012) which is present in the centre part of the chest and later spreads to the other parts of the body. Small Cell Lung Cancer is also known as â€Å"oat cell cancer, oat cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). SCLC has further two other forms namely- â€Å"Small cell car cinoma (oat cell cancer)† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatmen t (PDQ ®) 2012): This is one of the most malignant kinds of cancer. It grows within the lungs. â€Å"Combined small cell carcinoma† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ ®) 2012). – It is a lung cancer which has different stages. It emerges in the form of a tumor in the lung tissue. Non Small Cell Lung

American improvement in the conduct of military operations in Europe Essay

American improvement in the conduct of military operations in Europe - Essay Example After the Second World War, the United States emerged as a global superpower in terms of its military power and the Cold War era saw the development of the nation as a super power. Towards the end of the twentieth century, it is because of these improvements in the conduct of military operations in Europe that helped the nation to dictate terms over international relations and global terrorist upheavals. Murray & Millett (2001), in this respect, observe that the â€Å"American commanders had shown considerable improvement in the conduct of military operations in 1945† (Murray & Millett 483). The authors observe that the American drive to the Rhine and the encirclement of the Ruhr by First and Ninth U.S. Armies were the greatest American victory in the war. For them, the U.S. commanders in the campaign were successful as they had ‘a superior understanding of exploitation and maneuver warfare’. The U.S military also realized the significance of more robust radio communications that would assist infantry platoon. Similarly, the U.S military developed an innovative â€Å"ability of the artillery to adjust and mass fires on unseen targets, either by map analysis or, more importantly, by the use of ground or airborne observers† (Murray & Millett 30)

Crescent Case Essay Example for Free

Crescent Case Essay A. Segmentation and Targeting When Looking at what market should be targeted the thing that stuck out most was there is not a healthy alternative for energy drinks. Most of these drinks are full of high fructose corn syrup and loaded with extreme amounts of caffeine. Crescent give the consumers a healthy alternative to this option. The trend these days is towards more organic and healthier choices. Crescent is just that. It gives the option for a healthy version of an energy drink which is much needed. The Energy Drink market is growing at a much faster rate than the sport drink market as well as the fitting into a much better price point for marketing. With the market for these energy drink being on average $2.99 the price of $2.75 for crescent is below the market average as well as being a slight bit different by marketing a healthy alternative option to most other sport drinks on the market now. B. Positioning When Looking over the two perceptual Maps the thing noticed is that most of these products hit extremes of each category. For example a sport drink is high on the hydration level but low on the energy. As for the energy drink the case is the exact opposite. When looking at nutrition and taste the nutrition and taste are higher on sports drinks and energy drinks are low on nutrition but the 50/50 on the taste. When looking at crescents studies it would seem that they would be the best case for the average consumer as they would be better than average in all of these categories. The nutrition would be higher than the sports drinks and close to what swish and drip are pertaining to nutritional value and the taste would also fall higher similar to Drip or Razor. When looking at the Hydration and Energy Crescent would also be above average for both. With the equivalent of a cup of coffee’s worth of caffeine Crescent would fall similar to where torque and Drip are for energy levels. As for looking at hydration; Crescent would be up closer to the sports drinks with is electrolytes and natural ingredients closer to where Glean and Watr+ are. Each marketing promotion has positive’s and negative’s. When marketed as an energy drink there is the Pros of being a drastically growing market which has grown by 40% already and is projected to hit 13.5 billion by 2018 as well as no single product being marketed as a healthy alternative energy drink. Another pro is that the cost of the  product is less than the market average. The con of an energy drink market would be that current news stories are highlighting the health risks of Energy drinks and the diminishing number of consumers who are now drinking them. The sports drink market have a much larger population of consumers ranging from younger ages of 12-24. Also with the average sports drink being much cheaper people may not be willing to pay the $2.75 for a sports drink. With Crescent being an all organic product being an alternative to high fructose corn drinks would increase their market audience. The threats would be the increase in childhood obesity who make up a large portion of the sport drink market the option of just proving water to children is easier and more economically sound for parents rather than continually paying for sports drinks. Lastly as an Organic Drink they are able to market it as a healthy sports/energy drink for the body continuous adult who wants to stay away from non-organic products. This also works as a con where if they market solely to this small group of people they may be losing a lot of consumers who may be avoiding the new fad of vegan, healthy organic products. C. Contribution Margin The contribution margin per case of Crescent would be $5.28 or 18%. This is figured by taking the selling price per can and minusing the cost per can. Which would bring the profit of 22 cents per can and a case of 24 would bring the profit to $5.28 per case. You would then take that number and divide it by the Price per case of $29.76 which would give you 18% profit. D. Breakeven To match the national level of marketing it would require putting in 6.66 times the budget that it took to market 15% which would be a total marketing budget of 5 million dollars. With a Total budget of 5 Million dollars it would take selling 946970 Cases of Crescent to break even on the National Level. To address the break-even market share for energy would be .07% of the Market Share. This is figured by taking the Market of 9.58 Billion dollars and dividing that by the Marketing budget of 5 Million Dollars. E. Recommendation The factors that should be used to determine positioning are, Similarities in  competitors, Forecast of market increase, pricing of products and marketability of product. I would Recommend Marketing Crescent as an organic energy drink. This would apply to a large number of people and would give a different option to the Energy Drinks that are currently on the market. This product could increase the consumers ideas of what energy drinks are; especially focusing on bringing up the areas of healthiness, hydration and natural. With these area’s only having the highest percentage at 11% Crescent would be a great product to diversify the market. Having a below average market price for product pricing makes Crescent an even better market to explore. Crescent provides a great break from the normal high fructose high caffeine energy drinks while still hydrating and tasting great.

Persuasive Essay: Football :: Persuasive Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once again, after a successful season, Shadle Park was defeated by a Big 9 school in the first game of the regional tournament. This reoccurring event has led many to believe that the four year football program puts GSL students at a disadvantage compared to other districts. A junior high school football program would not only increase the competitiveness of the students but also have more important consequences. As far as football goes, the GSL has become the laughing stock of the state. No team in the entire GSL has entered into the state tournament more than ten times. Shadle Park has only gone to the state tournament a few times in the school’s history. So why is the GSL performing so poorly in relation to the other school districts? The GSL students lack experience. The GSL has no football program for junior high students, while its competition, the Big 9, does. The majority of the GSL cannot play football until their first year of high school. The Big 9 districts fund and support junior high football programs in their schools. This gives the players of the Big 9 a two year advantage over the GSL schools. Players need more time to attain the knowledge and skills needed to play the complicated game of football. Learning the plays alone can take most of a player’s first season. Beginning this challenge in high school when competition is at an extreme can be very discouraging to new players. The GSL must start up a publicly ran junior high school football team so that it can regain its honor and enter its position as a strong competitor. Improving competitiveness is not the only advantage to beginning a football program two years earlier. Junior high is a time when many young people reach a crossroads between the innocence of elementary school and the complicated choices that come with the independence of high school. These are the years that young people begin making life changing choices in their search to identify who they are in this new world of leaving childhood behind. Many middle schoolers choose paths that do not lead to positive results. Some students during this time begin the illegal use of drugs and alcohol as well as other delinquent behaviors. Sports are a proven deterrent to these types of decisions. Studies reveal the number of athletes that become involved with drugs and alcohol is a significantly lower percentage than that of non-athletes.

Different children Essay

For my work experience I worked in St. Joseph’s Nursery with a lot of different children with different abilities. I thoroughly enjoyed my experience both with my colleagues and the children; I will never forget the experience I had. I organized the work experience placement myself; I always knew I was going to work with children or in a school because it is one of the careers I am looking into. Before I started my work experience I was extremely nervous because I never knew what it was going to be like. I know I would have to be patient with the children, be polite, respectful and use general manners. I hoped I would have enjoyed the experience and I was hoping to get a lot of experience from my work placement for the future. The actual job which I was doing was helping out around the nursery and playing with the children. I also helped make cookies and icing because I was the only person which could make icing correctly. I also helped prepare for an inspection which was taken place one day, I created a PowerPoint and run it during the inspection. On my first day I was extremely nervous but also very excited. I meet my boss or the person which would look after for the time I was there which was the nursery school teacher. From the first time I met the Fran (the nursery teacher) I immediately knew we would get on and I really enjoyed the friendship we made during the time I spent with her. Another person who looked after me was Kim, the nursery helper and special needs teacher. Kim was lovely and fortunately I knew her before because she is my mum’s friend so I felt calmer when I knew something there already. The special event that was happening in nursery was a teddy’s bear picnic, which to you and me doesn’t seem like a big deal but the 3 and 4year olds it is like winning the lottery. The day before I left was the teddy’s bear picnic and it was amazing to see all these adorable children carrying huge teddy’s into nursery and the smile on their faces, you could tell straight away how excited they were and how much their were looking forward to it. As I said, my fellow workers were amazing there were so amazing on my last day they gave me a present and card thanking for helping out. I was so shocked that these people would buy a complete stranger they have only knew for a couple of weeks and present with there own money. I was completely shocked when they gave it to me. Both of my fellow workers were amazing and I enjoyed spending my time with them. Personally, the time I spent during work experience both with the children and staff was amazing and unforgettable. I won’t change the experience I had for the world, I had so many great memories and for definite I will be going back to visit when I finish my exams. The pictures I took will always be there to see but the memories will always be inside me. Work experience I think is a essential part of education because it gives you and insist to a job and not only and job it could be the job you are thinking of doing when your older and the work experiences can decide whether you do it or not. It also shows how other people work and how hard they work. I do think it is at the right time in the year for you because it is at a time where you start thinking what am I going to do or what do I want to do? It will at least give you an idea of where you want to go in you life. In the future I definitely want to have children and spending time with children has just made me clearer but it also has made my decision harder because I would like to study law and become a lawyer or solicitor but now I am thinking of becoming a teacher.

The New Testament Times

The Jewish religious world is considered to be one of the major themes during the New Testament times. In order to fully understand the New Testament, one must have a clearer understanding of what are the possible similarities or possible differences between the Jewish religious world and non-Jewish religious world during the time of Christ. The core focus during the instant of the Old Testament was the law and the covenant, but during the time of the New Testament, it was Jesus Christ. Let us first consider the non-Jewish religious world as the Christian world. The main similarity between the Jews and the non-Jew, particularly the Christians, is that they believed in the same God and both groups have acknowledged the authority of the Old Testament. However, one of the main differences between the Jews and the Christians lies in each cluster’s perception of the â€Å"messiah†. It has been said that long before the time of Jesus Christ, most Jews have already hoped for the coming of the â€Å"messiah†, a powerful, successful conquering king from the blood lineage of King David. This king is said to be the one who would lead Israel to the peak of glory, with peace and victory all over the state. However, during Christ’s time, his disciples had already acclaimed Him as the â€Å"Messiah†. Consequently, Christians regarded the â€Å"messiah† as their means of spiritual salvation because of Christ’s nature as Son of God. Contrasting to what the Jews have believed, Christ had not lived to be a great political figure but a sacrificing, crucified individual who made radical statements, some of which is contradictory with the Jewish religious world. These radical statements lead to the acceptance of Gentiles or non-Jews into the community. Jesus taught that the basis for God’s acceptance is faith. The church embraces Jews and non-Jews alike. Conflicting with the idea, the Pharisees believed that God is particular with obedience of the law from the Old Testament. They supposed that the practice of high moral ideas will make them rightfully religious. Thus, they considered themselves as holier than non-Pharisees. During the New Testament times, Christianity spread to Asia Minor and Greece. The Jews also spread and had large populations in cities around the world. With the Christians and the Jews compared and contrasted, let us now consider the non-Jewish religious world as the Greco-Roman religious world, also during the same period. One great difference between the Jewish religious world and the Greco-Roman religious world is the number of gods in which each religious world recognizes. The Jews believed in only one God, the same God of the Christians. However, the Greek and the Romans have venerated a number of deities. The Greek and Roman religion is said to have merged during the time of the New Testament. This resulted to different cults with one god or goddess being patronized. Contradictory with the high moral standards of the Jewish religious world, these cults are said to conduct festivals in honor of their god or goddess in which they engage in â€Å"immoral† activities. The Cult of Attis, as an example, involves many orgies. Another example is the Cult of Bacchus in which its followers, during the festive days, engage in drunken frenzies to commemorate the gift of life. Reference: Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge. Vol. 3. USA: Grolier Incorporated. 2002. pp.102-106 Key Elements of the Background to the New Testament.   Available: May 6, 2006   

Ace the Interview Avoid These Questions!

Ace the Interview Avoid These Questions! The most stressful part of an interview for many people is when you’ve recapped the job responsibilities and your experience and the hiring manager leans back and says, â€Å"So, do you have any questions for me?† The recruiting whiz kids over at Careerealism have compiled a list of red flag questions that would make any employer think twice about your application- all you have to do is remember to ask  anything else.â€Å"Are you going to check my Facebook?†Recent court cases have actually begun to tilt in favor of applicant privacy, but it’s always better not to ask something that makes you look guilty. Before you go in for an interview, double-check your privacy settings and make sure you’ve vetted your friends list. Consider locking your Twitter and Instagram if you tend to be very free with your words there too!â€Å"What are the company perks?†If the company that’s interviewing wants to hire you, odds are they will tell you wha t perks to expect! Hold off until you’re filling out hiring paperwork with HR to ask about things like tech discounts or mileage reimbursements. A roundabout way to uncover the same information is â€Å"What do you love about working here?† or â€Å"How do you find the workplace culture?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will I have to work evenings or weekends?†Again, wait until you have a job offer and see what your contract says. Nobody who â€Å"really wants a job† would ask this question- at least that’s how your prospective employer is likely to see it. Even if you know you’ll have childcare or transportation concerns, until the ink is dry, at least create the illusion that the company’s productivity comes before your own!â€Å"What exactly does your company do?†You would be better off kicking your shoes off and taking a nap mid-interview than asking this one. Who applies for a job- or worse, schedules an interview!- without learning at least a little about the company they’re visiting!? Believe me, I’ve been in that frenzied state of applying to e.v.e.r.y.t.h.i.n.g, and when I got the exciting interview call or email, I had to quickly Google and find out who on earth I’d just agreed to meet with.Do your research! Have a recent recent article that mentions the company or one of its clients ready to refer to, and have specific questions about this job  in this department. They don’t have to be particularly soul-searching, but they should be focused and reflect actual curiosity on your part.Now make sure your buttons are buttoned and your shoes are shined, and go ace that interview!

Disappearing Colorsâ€Easy Bleach Project for Kids

Disappearing Colors- Easy Bleach Project for Kids Let kids see for themselves how bleach works with this easy disappearing colors experiment. Disappearing Colors Project Materials food coloringwaterhousehold bleachdropperglass or jar Procedure Fill a glass or jar about halfway full with water.Add a few drops of food coloring. Stir the liquid to make it colored.Add drops of bleach until the color starts to disappear. You can stir the contents of the glass if you like. Continue until the color is gone.Add a few drops of another color. What happens? The color doesnt spread out the same way as it did when coloring was added to pure water. It forms swirls, which may disappear if there is enough bleach in the water. Why It Works Bleach contains sodium hypochlorite, which is an oxidizer. It oxidizes or reacts with the chromophore or color molecules in food coloring. Although the pigment molecule remains, its shape changes so that it cant absorb/reflect light the same way, so it loses its color as a result of the chemical reaction. Safety Information Be careful to avoid spilling bleach on skin or clothes. Rinse any spills immediately with lots of water.Make sure young experimenters dont drink bleach or the contents of the glass. Diluted bleach is not particularly dangerous, but not good for you either!When you are done with the project, its safe to dump the contents of the glass down the drain and to re-use the washed glass for food.

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA Research Paper

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA - Research Paper Example   Research suggests that off-label prescribing of pharmaceutical drugs can result in exaggerated and untested claims by the drug manufacturer (Conko 2010, 2).   Although the use of drugs for purposes other than their originally intended use can provide many medical benefits, it can develop into an accepted mode of expanding the use of pharmaceuticals beyond the appropriate scope of their health benefits; moreover, this practice may result in unwanted and unforeseen health effects. The FDA has a formal ban on off-label product promotion, but this is often sidestepped as anecdotal reports of health benefits associated with off-label drug use are promoted in labeling and promotional advertising. These practices have created considerable confusion among health consumers who are the misleading product labels and inadequate instructions on the proper use of medications, their potential side effects and health risks   Some legal commentators have cited the extravagant internet adverti sing of pharmaceuticals as an important expansion of promotional strategies that often neglect to clearly state the label properties and risks associated with the use of a specific drugSection 502 of the Food and Drug Act deals specifically with issues of misbranding and false or misleading label practices by pharmaceutical companies. According to its provisions, a pharmaceutical drug label is considered at issue if any part of the label is misrepresented or misleading. This pertains to ingredients, quantity, source and packaging details.

The Impact of Political Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Impact of Political Institutions - Essay Example The Scottish Parliament is composed of 129 members of Parliament (MPs), directly elected by Scottish voters, who make laws regarding domestic issues such as crime and justice, education, health, agriculture, environment, transport, economic development and local government (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). The Parliament at Westminster, with 59 Scottish MPs, makes laws regarding security, foreign affairs and social security (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). The Scottish Executive is then in charge of enforcing these laws. Whereas the Scottish Parliament benefits financially from the central government’s money, it has no real power over its taxes. Scotland receives 60% of its spending from the British tax income (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). However, with regard to economic independence, Scotland is allowed to vary the basic income tax by up to 3 pence in the pound taxed (Calman Commission, 2009, p.4). Thus, though politically independent, Scottish Treasury has no economic independence from the rest of the UK. This dependence is historical. Scotland has always had economic ties to the rest of the country, but has constitutionally been independent (Calman Commission, 2009, p.5 - 6). Due to the 1707 Act of Union, Scotland was allowed to retain its own judicial and educational system. However, economy and legislature, as well as the executive branches became subject to the Parliament at Westminster (Raco, 2003, p.80). The devolution of power is only a symmetrical copy of the historical structure of the UK before 1707. The US has a federalist system, unlike the UK. The UK is still an overwhelmingly unitary nation - state, where the central government controls everything (Vile, 2007, p.3). The US has a federalist system with separation of power between the judiciary, legislative and executive branches (Vile, 2007, p.3). Unlike the British system of central government, the US